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Rome (Geography)
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Italy
Rome
Tiber River
Rubicon River
Po River
Alps Mountains
Sicily
Sardinia
Carthage
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Danube River
Rhine River
Gaul
Britannia
Hispania
Greece
Asia Minor
Egypt
Israel
Rome (Geography)
Rome (Geography)
Rome
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Romulus and
Remus
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Twin brothers who
founded Rome.
(Mythical account)
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Vestil Virgin and the
God Mars
She-wolf and farmer
Tension between
brothers
Early Rome
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Rome was dominated
for centuries by their
northern neighbors the
Etruscans.
Rome gained much of
their traditions and
culture from the
Etruscans.
Romans belonged to a
group of people called
Latins.
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Rome is located in an
area called Latium.
Rome (Social Classes)
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Powerful nobles who
owned land and had a
lot of wealth were
called Patricians
(Roman Aristocracy).
All other free citizens
were called
Plebeians.
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You were born into
your social class.
Rome (Family Life)
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Patriarchal Society
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Father (paterfamilias)
was head of the
household and held
responsibility for
everything that happened
within the family.
A woman’s place was in
the home to teach the
children values.
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Traditional Roman
Values
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Discipline
Self-sacrifice
Devotion to family and
republic
High morals
The Republic
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Rome breaks free of
Etruscan monarchs and
declare themselves a
Republic in 509 B.C.
Patricians are the ones
who establish the
Republic. Plebeians are
originally excluded.
The Republic
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Establishment of the
Roman Senate
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Consuls
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Elected representatives
of the people.
Veto power
Dictator
Twelve Tables are
the establishment of
written law.
The Republic
Table IV. Paternal Power.
 1. – A notably deformed child shall be killed
immediately.
 2a. – To a father . . . shall be given over a son the
power of life and death.
 2b. – If a father thrice surrenders a son for sale
the son shall be free from the father.
 3. – To repudiate his wife her husband shall order
her . . . to have her own property for herself, shall
take the keys, shall expel her.
 4. – A child born within ten months of the father's
death shall enter into the inheritance . . .
Rome 391 B.C.
Roman Expansion by 264 B.C.
Roman Expansion by 129 B.C.
Roman Expansion by 44 B.C.
Roman Expansion by A.D. 14
Roman Expansion by A.D. 117
Roman Army
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In 391 B.C. Rome is
sacked by invading
peoples from the
north called Gauls.
This disaster led to
reforms in the military
that would help Rome
to overcome all other
enemies hereafter
Roman Army
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Army organized into
groups of 5000 to
6000 men called
Legions.
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Within each Legion
men were assigned to
groups of 100
(centuries) led by a
centurion.
Each individual soldier
is called a
Legionnaire.
Roman Army
The Citizen soldier
- Every Roman male
was required to make
or purchase his own
weapons and armor.
- It was expected of
every male citizen to
answer the call to
arms when the
country goes to war.
Roman Expansion (Italy)
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Rome comes to
dominate the Italian
peninsula through
two sets of wars
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Samnite Wars
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Romans adapt and
learn from their
setbacks and defeats.
Pyrrhic Wars
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King Pyrrhus of Epirus
“Pyrrhic Victory”
Roman Expansion (Punic Wars)
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Carthage
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Phoenician settlement
located in North Africa
(present day Tunisia).
Empire built off of
trade.
1st Punic War
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Carthage and Rome
come into conflict
over the Greek city of
Massena on the island
of Sicily.
Rome’s powerful army
versus the
Carthaginian Navy.
1st Punic War
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War lasts 23 years.
But Rome wins most
of the battles.
Rome builds a fleet
and defeats the
Carthaginians in their
own element.
Carthage surrenders
and agrees to pay
indemnities.
1st Punic War
Outcomes of the 1st Punic War
1.
2.
3.
Rome begins it’s overseas empire by taking
Sicily and Sardinia from Carthage.
Rome is now considered a major
Mediterranean power.
Rome now has a well trained and large
navy.
2nd Punic War
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Carthage strikes back
against the Roman
Republic in 221 B.C.
led by a general
named Hannibal.
2nd Punic War
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Hannibal creates a
power base for
Carthage in Spain
He leads an army
from Spain, across
the Alps Mountains ,
into Italy.
2nd Punic War
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Although outnumbered
Hannibal gains major
victories over the Roman
armies in Italy.
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Battle of Ticinus
Battle of Lake Trasimine
Battle of Cannae
Hannibal reached the walls of
Rome at one point just to
retreat because his army got
sick.
“Hannibal knew how to
gain a victory, but not
what to do with it.”
2nd Punic War
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While Hannibal is
wreaking havoc in
Italy. A Roman
general by the name
of Scipio is winning
victories over
Carthage in Spain.
2nd Punic War
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Battle of Zama
Scipio and Hannibal
face off against each
other at a place not
too far from Carthage
called Zama.
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Scipio defeats the
seemingly unbeatable
Hannibal.
2nd Punic War
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After Zama Hannibal
is forced into hiding.
Carthage has to give
up all of it’s overseas
possessions to Rome.
3rd Punic War
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In 146 B.C. Rome
goes to war once
again with Carthage.
This time no peace
treaty. The city of
Carthage is
completely destroyed
and salted.
Rome 391 B.C.
Roman Expansion by 264 B.C.
Roman Expansion by 129 B.C.
Roman Expansion by 44 B.C.
Roman Expansion by A.D. 14
Roman Expansion by A.D. 117
Problems in the Republic
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Social and Economic
Problems of Rome
around the year 140
B.C.
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Rich buy farms from
poor farmers
Rich use slaves instead
of hired workers to
farm their lands.
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Many farmers are
called to serve in the
army and are not able
to up keep their farms.
Returning Soldiers,
landless poor farmers,
and unemployed
workers all move to
Rome and become
part of an ever
growing group of
urban poor.
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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Two patrician brothers, Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus try to fix the problem of all the
landless poor in the city.
They propose land reforms to give land back
to the people from territories recently
conquered in wars with Carthage, Greece,
and Spain.
These reforms are very unpopular with the
Senate, mainly because the Senate is mostly
rich landowners.
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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Although loved by the
people, the Gracchus
brothers were hated
by many Senators.
Both Tiberius and
Gaius are murdered.
Marius Reform
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Gaius Marius comes up
with an alternate solution for
Rome’s social problems.
He removes the law that
says you have to own land
to be part of the army.
As a result, tens of
thousands of landless poor
join the army.
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Short term effect: social
tensions end. Economy
thrives.
Long term effect: The Roman
Army is no longer based off of
loyalty to the Republic. Only to
the commanding general.
Social War
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Soon after the Marius
Reforms the subjugated
peoples of Italy decide to
rebel against Rome.
They didn’t rebel because
they wanted to break off
from Rome, they rebelled
because they wanted to
be considered full citizens
of Rome.
After years of fighting the
Italians get what they
want, full citizenship.
Sulla
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Sulla, a patrician general,
helps end the bloody
social war only to start a
civil war against Marius.
After winning the civil war
he proclaims himself
dictator. He basically gets
rid of anyone who
disagrees with him.
Once he felt Rome was
ok again he voluntarily
retired.
Rome: Republic to Empire
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1st Triumvirate
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Julius Caesar
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Pompey
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Conquered Gaul
Conquered Syria and
Palestine
Crassus
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Defeated Spartacus
slave rebellion
Rome: Republic to Empire
Rome: Republic to Empire
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Crassus is killed in
Mesopotamia.
Caesar defeats
Pompey and makes
himself Dictator for
Life.
Senate becomes
afraid of his power
and murders him.
Rome: Republic to Empire
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Marc Antony, one of Caesar’s generals
joins with Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) to
punish Caesar’s murderers.
After they defeat Caesar's murderers they
turn on each other.
Octavian defeats Marc Antony and
Cleopatra in the Battle of Asculum
which finally brought an end to this period
of civil war.
Roman Empire
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Octavian becomes
Imperator of Rome
(Dictator for Life) and is
renamed Augustus
Rome is now an Empire
not a Republic
(Although the Senate is
still around).
Pax Romana (The
Roman Peace) lasts
almost 200 years
Pax Romana and the 5 Good
Emperors
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Rome is first ruled
by 2 dynasties
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Julio-Cluadians
Flavians
Both are beset with
intrigue, rebellions,
assasinations, and
madness.
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The years (96 – 180
A.D.) saw the reign
of what is now
called the 5 good
emperors
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Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pious
Marcus Aurelius
Christianity and Rome
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During the time of the
emperors Augustus and
his son Tiberius (1 – 33
A.D.) a new religion
appears within the
Empire called
Christianity.
Christianity begins with a
man named Jesus Christ
who lived and ministered
in the province of
Palestine.
Within a few hundred
years this religion came
to dominate the
Mediterranean World.
Christianity and Rome
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For over 200 years
Christians are
persecuted within the
Roman Empire until
Emperor Constantine
makes Christianity the
official religion of the
empire.
Constantine also moves
the capital from Rome
to Byzantium and
renames the city
Constantinople.
Fall of Rome
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Empire splits into two halves by Emperor Diocletian
in the year 284 A.D.
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Western Roman Empire (Rome)
Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople)
Fall of Rome
Fall of Rome
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Barbarian Invasions
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Huns
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Visigoths
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(Attila the Hun)
These guys are
ancestors of the
Vikings
Vandals
Ostrogoths
Fall of Rome
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Reasons for Decline of Rome
Do not hold to traditional values
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No longer adapt to new circumstances
Corrupt officials and emperors
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No more loyalty to country
Become overwhelmingly greedy
Causes social unrest and economic crisis
Barbarian invasions