Download Ch. 11 Rome and Christianity

Ch. 11 Rome and Christianity
►From
Republic to Empire
►The Roman Empire and Religion
►The End of the Empire
From Republic to Empire
Big Picture
Rome grew politically and economically, eventually
developing into a culture that would influence later
civilizations.
Main Ideas
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2.
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4.
Disorder made opportunities for Julius Caesar to gain
power
Empire began with the reign of Augustus Caesar
The empire grew to control the entire Mediterranean
world
Romans made many advances in engineering, art,
literature, science, architecture and law
Disorder in the Republic
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Rome in the 70s BC was a dangerous place to be, politicians and
generals fought each other to gain power
Gifted orator and philosopher, Cicero advised people to limited the
power of the generals and support the Senate.
Citizens did not listen and several generals were set to take over the
government.
The most powerful of these generals was Julius Caesar.
Caesar’s Rise and Fall
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He was a well respected general who gained power and prestige.
Not only a successful general, but a gifted speaker with powerful
friends: Pompey and Crassus, together the three ruled Rome.
As Caesars power grew his friendships fell apart
Pompey's Senate supporters told Caesar to give up command of his
armies so that Pompey could rule alone. Caesar refused.
He prepared for a confrontation crossing the Rubicon River to invade
Italy from the north. Caesar was successful!
In 45 BC Caesar returned to Rome and declared himself dictator for life
The Senate feared his power and killed him on March 15th.
The End of the Republic
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After Caesar’s murder, Marc Antony and Caesar's adopted son,
Octavian, took over Rome
The two were driven to make the killers pay and were successful
Happiness between Antony and Octavian did not last.
Antony married Octavian’s sister, but later divorced her to marry
Cleopatra of Egypt. This angered Octavian. This led to a civil war.
Octavian won and became Rome’s sole leader
He took the name Augustus (revered one) changing Rome from a
republic to an empire
Rome’s Growing Empire
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As emperors conquered new territory, they not only added
land, but new cultures, ideas, and goods.
Romans experienced a Pax Romana or a Roman peace
As a result. Trade increased, making Romans wealthy.
This improved the equality of life for people of Rome and
its provinces
Rome’s Accomplishments
Science and
Engineering
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Greek doctor Galen
studied the body to
improve health
Great builders who
used cement
Built roads in layers
like we do today
Created lasting
structure using
arches, like in their
aqueducts.
Combined arches
helped in the
construction of
vaults
Architecture and Art
Roman Architecture
copied some older
Greek designs and
use of marble
► Engineering
techniques like the
vault.
► Roman artists were
known for mosaics,
paintings and
statues
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Literature and
Language
Virgil was an author
who wrote the Aeneid,
which was about the
founding of Rome
Ovid wrote poems
about Roman mythology
They wrote in Latin
which later developed
into the Romance
languages.
Other Romance
languages are Italian,
French, Portuguese,
Spanish, and Romanian.
Law
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Rome’s greatest influence may have been in the field of
Law
Inspired civil law – a legal system based on a written code
of laws
What is our code of laws in the USA?
Section 2 The Roman Empire and
Religion
Big Idea
The people of the Roman Empire practiced many
different religions. They considered some religions
a political problem. Eventually, they accepted the
religion of Christianity.
Main Ideas
► Romans had conflicts with the monotheistic
► Christianity grew out of Judaism
► Many considered Jesus the Messiah
► Christianity grew in popularity eventually
becoming Rome’s official religion
Jews
Religious Tolerance and Conflict
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Rome practiced religious tolerance, allowing others to
continue their faith when conquered as well as adopted
religious ideas from other cultures
Romans had issues with religions they felt caused
political problems, like the Jewish faith
They felt the because the Jews only prayed to one God,
they would anger all of the other gods
Jews rebelled against the Roman rule, eventually
Romans took their anger out on the Jews by taxing them
heavily and treating them harshly
Emperor Hadrian thought that if he banned some Jewish
rituals they would eventually give up the religion.
Instead the Jews rebelled and Hadrian and the Roman
army crushed the revolt and destroyed Jerusalem
building a new city over the ruins and invited people
from all over the empire to live there. Jews were forced
out.
A New Religion
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Many Jews
believed a new
leader would come
to restore the
greatness of King
David’s Kingdom,
Israel.
This leader was to
be a Messiah,
“God’s anointed
one”
Many Jews
anxiously awaited
his arrival
Many believed
Jesus of Nazareth
was this Messiah
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Jesus is an influential person in all of
world history, but little is known of
his life
Most of what is known is learned
from the Christian Bible
The Bible is made of two parts, Old
Testament (similar to the Hebrew
Bible) and New Testament (sacred
to Christians)
Jesus was born to a simple family
and Christians believe he is the son
of God. As he grew he cause a lot
of excitement wherever he went
He was a teacher who influenced
many people
This influence challenged the
authority of political and religious
leaders
Shortly after he was arrested and
sentenced to die by crucifixion
Christians believe he resurrected or
rose from the dead. Some people
began calling him Jesus Christ.
Christ came from the Latin word
Christos, Greek for Messiah this is
where the words Christian and
Christianity came from
Jesus of Nazareth
The Teachings of Jesus
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His teachings were rooted in
older Jewish traditions, such
as, love God and love other
people
He encouraged the love of all
people even your enemies,
salvation or forgiveness of
sins, many other teachings
dealt with reaching the
kingdom of Heaven
Jesus’ teachings have been
interpreted in many different
ways, which is why there are
so many different
denominations of Christianity
The Spread of Jesus’ Teachings
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The Apostles
traveled widely
telling of Jesus and
his teachings, after
the Resurrection
Some of Jesus’
disciples wrote
accounts of Jesus’
life and teachings
known as Gospels
The ideas of Paul of
Tarsus helped
break the Christian
Church from
Judaism
The Growth of Christianity
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Through Paul of Tarsus and
early Christians the teachings
of Jesus began to spread
rapidly
Within a hundred years of
Jesus’ death thousands of
Christians lived in Rome
A few Roman emperors
feared that Christians would
cause unrest, so they to
banned Christianity
This began a period of
persecution, a punishment
against a group because of
their beliefs
It wasn’t until emperor
Constantine that Christianity
was accepted in the empire
and became Rome’s official
religion
Section 3 The End of the Empire
The Big Idea
Internal and external problems lead to the Roman Empire
splitting into east and west. The Western half collapsed,
but the east prospered for hundreds of years
Main Ideas
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2.
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Many problems led Diocletian to split the Empire making
it easier to run and defend
Rome declined because of political problems, invasions
and money issues
In the east the Byzantines created a new society with
different religious traditions
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Rome had become so big by the end of the 200s, emperors had
given up some of the land the Roman army had conquered
Germanic tribes attacked from the north
Persians invaded from the east
People living on the outskirts of Rome began to move away for
fear of attack
Government had to raise taxes to pay for defense
Desperate Romans looked for a stronger emperor
Division of the Empire
► Diocletian
stepped in to
rule and split the
empire in two in order
to rule more efficiently
► When Constantine
moved in as emperor
he moved the capital to
Turkey and renamed it
Constantinople after
himself
The Decline of Rome
Barbarians attacked at every
turn
► Huns and Goths, made up of
Ostrogoths and Visigoths
were very strong
► It reached a point were the
Romans could only keep the
Goths out by paying them to
stay away
► In 408, however the Romans
stopped making the
payments and the Goths
attacked.
► In 410 the Goths overthrew
Rome
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The Fall of the Western Empire
► The
take over by the
Goths inspired other
barbarians to attack
► The Vandals, Angles,
Saxons, Jutes, and Franks
all launched attacks on the
empire
► The Huns again attacked
from the east, led by Attila
and raided the land
Reasons for Rome’s Fall
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Vast size of the empire
Communication during
conflict was difficult
Too big to govern
efficiently
Political crisis lead to
corruption which made
poor leadership
The wealthy fled their
homes and formed their
own armies
Some used their armies to
overthrow emperors and
take power for themselves
Population decreased and
schools closed
The empire collapsed
A New Eastern Empire
Despite the Fall of Rome, the
eastern empire grew in wealth and
prosperity
► Justinian ruled the eastern empire
well by organizing laws and focusing
on Church
► Justinian’s code was a simplified
version of the Roman code of laws
► Justinian did make enemies but put
the rioters down with the support of
his smart and powerful wife
► After his death the empire did begin
to weaken, but finally fell to the
Ottoman Turks in the year 1453
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Justinian and Theodora
Byzantine Society
► The
Byzantine Empire, as it came to be
known, developed in the Eastern Empire
► Christianity was interpreted differently in
different parts of the world, this caused a
split between Catholic in the west and
Orthodox Christians in the east
► Hagia Sophia