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MUTATIONS

a change in the genetic
information of an organism
Gene Mutations
 Point Mutations
simple change in one base of the gene
 Substitution
 Insertion
 Deletion
Substitution
 Substitution
 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
 THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion
 Insertion
 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
 THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion
 Deletion
 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
 THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Gene Mutations
 Frameshift Mutations
one or more bases are inserted or deleted
 Insertion
 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
 THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA T
 Deletion
H
 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
 TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT
H
Causes of mutations
 DNA fails to copy
exactly
 External influences
can create
mutations
The effects of mutations
 No effects
 Small change appears
 Big change
Examples for effects
Mutations are random
theory A
 Resistance of lice
were always there
theory B
 Lice shampoo make
the lice resistant
The Lederberg experiment
 Bacteria are spread out on a plate, called
the "original plate."
The Lederberg experiment
 Bacteria are allowed to grow into several
different colonies
The Lederberg experiment
 This layout of colonies is stamped from
the original plate onto a new plate that
contains the antibiotic penicillin
The Lederberg experiment
 Colonies X and Y on the stamped plate
survive. They must carry a mutation for
penicillin resistance
The Lederberg experiment
 Did the colonies on the new plate
produce antibiotic resistance because
they were exposed(ausgesetzt) to
penicillin?"