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Transcript
Name_________________________________ Date________ CHAPTER 2 NOTES PACKET 2.1 EARTHQUAKES OCCUR ALONG FAULTS (PG 45-50) A) Rocks move along faults. 1) Faults are huge breaks in the __________________________, where movement of rocks occurs. a) Some movement is slow and continuous, while sometimes the rocks on the opposite sides of the fault lock into place. 2) Stress is the pressure of the rocks _______________________ on each other. 3) When the _____________________________ gets too great, the release causes an earthquake, where the ground moves as the rocks on either side of the fault jerk past each other. B) Faults are classified by how rocks move. 1) Normal faults- rocks are being ____________________ apart as one section moves down. 1 2) Reverse faults- rocks above the fault are being _____________ together as one section moves up. 3) Strike-slip faults- rocks are pushed ______________________ on either side of the fault. 2.2 EARTHQUAKES RELEASE ENERGY (PG 51-59) A) Energy from earthquakes travels through Earth 1) The ___________________ is the underground location where an earthquake begins. 2) The point directly above the focus on the _________________ is the epicenter. 3) The crust breaks at the focus and the stored ______________ releases and travels outward in all directions as seismic waves. 2 a) ________________________________ -travel the “phastest” so they arrive at seismic stations “phirst." They travel through solids and liquids. b) Secondary wave- arrives at a seismic station _________. They only travel through solids. c) Surface waves- travel along the surface of the crust and cause most damage. They arrive last. B) Seismic waves can be measured. 1) Seismographs are instruments used to ___________________ and record ground movements. 2) When an earthquake occurs the ___________________ of the ground is recorded on paper as a jump. a) The _________________________ seismograph records side-to-side motion. b) The _____________________ seismograph records up-and-down motion. 3) In order to locate the actual _____________________ of an earthquake, we need readings from 3 different seismograph locations. 4) The difference in arrival times of the __________ and S-waves is found and used to calculate the distance to the epicenter. 3 5) A circle with a radius corresponding to the distance is drawn around each station and where the 3 circles meet is the location of the epicenter. 2.3 EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE CAN BE REDUCED (PG. 60-67) A) Earthquakes can cause severe damage and loss of life. 1) Earthquakes vary in size, or ________________________, which is the amount of energy released. 4 Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1964 is the largest earthquake, measuring at 9.2 2) Movement of the _______________ causes the ground to shake, damaging roads, dams, buildings and other structures. 3) Liquefaction occurs when _______________ acts like a liquid and causes landslides and sinking structures. 5 4) ____________________________ occur in the same spot as the original earthquake, where the rocks are still unsettled along the fault. 5) Tsunamis are caused when ______ is displaced in the ocean and causes large waves, which come ashore very quickly. December 26, 2004 Thailand Tsunami B) Scientists work to monitor and predict earthquakes. 1) There are signs to help scientists _____________________ earthquakes in a particular area, such as changes in ground elevation, slow movement of rock sections and small cracks forming in the ground. 2) A ___________ is when areas along active faults have few or no earthquake activity for an extended period of time. a) Sometimes these gaps are indicators that ___________ may be building for a larger earthquake in the future. 6 C) Structures can be designed to resist earthquake damage. 1) Rules have been developed for building ______________ structures. a) There are ________________________________ between a building and its foundation absorbs much of the ground motion. b) An open space around a building lets the building shake more gently than the ground it is built on. c) Shear walls that contain ___________ supports add strength as do cross braces, or X-shaped supports. Earthquake Safety Tips 7 Don't panic — the shaking usually lasts less than a minute, and falling objects and resulting fires cause most damage. So: If you're indoors, stay away from glass. Take cover under a table or in a doorway so falling objects can't hurt you. If you're outside, move away from buildings and electrical wires. Stand in the open until the shaking stops. Don't use candles or any open flames. Earthquakes sometimes break natural gas lines, which easily catch fire. If you're in a car, move away from bridges or elevated highways that can collapse. Stop in an open area and wait until the shaking is over. 8