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APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN ASTROBIOLOGY RICCARDO S. GATTA Ph.D. Molecular Genetics, I.C.G.E.B. New Delhi, Reg’d Pharmacist JULIAN CHELA-FLORES The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Strada Costiera 11; 34136 Trieste, Italy and Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas 1015A, Venezuela INTRODUCTION CLASSIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY APPROACH TO RECOGNISE MOLECULAR BIOSIGNATURES, & APPLY THIS IN AN ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT. SELECT TARGET, SELECT TECHNIQUE, ADAPT... SEARCH FOR LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE OBSERVATIONS - EVOLUTION ? The Origin MODERN DARWIN ANAXIMANDER (VI BCE) MACROSCOPIC DEMOCRITUS (460-370 BCE) (1809-1882) D C IVERGENT ONVERGENT PARALLEL HAEKEL MICROSCOPIC (1834-1919) WOESE (1980’s) ANCESTOR ? MOLECULAR MODELS OF EVOLUTION LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR EVOLUTION & NATURAL SELECTION UNIVERSAL CONCEPTS? IF Yes No continue… (…and skip next slide) LIFE…? EVOLUTION LIFE & AS NATURAL A TARGET SELECTION IDENTIFY & C QONCEPTS UANTIFY ? UNIVERSAL Structure IF Complexity continue… Transduction Yes No Replication (…and skip next slide) Energy LIFE…? Complex Structures Specific Interactions More Complexity Metabolism Chemistry Emergent Chirality Driving ForcesMore Disequilibrium Polymers Molecular / Cellular Waste CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Crick, 1958 DNA RNA PROTEINS DO NOT REPLICATION: TRANSCRIPTION: TRANSLATION: code for : DNA DNA mRNA ↕ ↓ ↓ “… to apply only to present-day andProtein DNAorganisms, mRNA not to events in the remote past, such as the origin of life or the origin of the code.” Crick, 1970 Figure from Labfrontier Corporation Voltage-gated channels EVOLUTIONARY CRITERIA K TIME / Modern Proteins v K ir Ca v Na v EVOLUTION Na PHANEROZOIC ~800 million 570 Myo - present Example of divergence years ago PROTEROZOIC Ca Where can we seek homology? BUT from LUCA at 2.5 Gyo – 570 Myo Homology with Check-Point known molecules ARCHEAN Intervals 4.6 – 2.5 Gyo K For: Homology Ancient Proteins, with knownchannels molecules membrane Moczydlowski, 1998 Early K channels 2: BUILD UP (CONSTRUCTION) Homology in: 1: INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS 1: 2: COMPOSITION Vassily Kandinsky. BLUE 2, 8, Joan Miro’. 3: THE PARADIGM: FROM: NASA, JPL, UA, UC. DECONSTRUCT EUROPA IDENTIFY BASIC ELEMENTS LINK to PART 2