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World History C.6-2 Notes After the Punic Wars Roman Empire expands = ___________________________ Lands of _______________ Lands of Alexander the Great o Persia, Macedonia o Egypt – _____________________ o Greece Greece as part of the Roman Empire important Rome adopted many aspects of Greek culture Rome’s art and architecture reflected Greece o Roman art = _______________________________ Religion borrowed from Greeks o Similar gods – different names Poseidon = ___________________ Effects of the empire on Rome ________________________ and new trade routes made Rome ___________________ ________________ rich from loot New wealthy class o Large farming estates = ____________________ Had _____________ to work fields Cheaper products hurt small farmers Small farmers _____________________ and moved to _____________ ____________________________________________________________ = riots ________________ and ______________________ replaced hard work and loyalty to Rome Reform Attempts 2 plebeian brothers – elected Tribunes ________________ and _________________ Gracchus Attempted reform o Redistribute land to small farmers o Public funds to _______________________________ Angered the Senate – afraid they’d lose power o Brothers killed in street violence set off by thugs hired by the Senate **** Important -- Violence is now a _________________ ___________________. Roman Republic Declines Problem 1 -- civil war Problem 2 -- who should hold power ? o Senate or popular political leaders Problem 3 -- slave uprisings Military in politics 107 B ___________________ – consul and military leader Wanted to increase army recruitment ______________________________________________ -- accepted anyone Poor joined army o Attached to a specific general o General shared land and plunder at end of war o _________________________________________________________ Effect was Armies became __________ ____________ devoted to the general General used troops as a political tool to increase their power Civil War 88 BC Lucius Cornelius Sulla – ambitious consul Marius tried to keep Sulla from getting a military command Sulla responds by _________________________________ with his legions = civil war! Sulla is victorious – becomes dictator Reforms to protect the __________________ of the _______________ o Thought he had preserved the Republic o Retired Rome becomes an Empire First Triumvirate = Julius ___________, ________________ and Crassus (rule of 3) 60 BC – took over the Republic Julius Caesar and Pompey are generals o Added much territory to the Republic Caesar – ________________ (modern day France) Pompey – _____________ and ________________r Crassus = one of the wealthiest men in Rome o Dies early on Caesar is in Gaul - new conquests Pompey and Senate afraid Caesar is too ________________ and too _______________ o Order Caesar home without his troops! o Caesar says ______ Leads army across the Rubicon River into Rome = Civil War between Pompey and Caesar Caesar crushed Pompey and took full control of the Republic o Forced Senate to name him _____________________ o Caesar kept the Senate but was in fact an absolute ruler Caesar brought many changes 48→44 BC Citizenship to many _______________________________________ Reforms to deal with Rome’s problems o ________________________ for the jobless o o Public land given to the poor New calendar based on Egypt’s __________________________ With few changes still in use today o Popular with the people o Senate thought he wanted to be king and destroy the Republic ---- SO -- March 15, 44 BC - the Ides of March o Caesar is _____________________________________________________ 60 Senators Tillius Cimber Gaius Cassius Longinus ____________________________________ Second Triumvirate 43 BC _____________________, ____________________, and Lepidus Octavian is Caesars adopted son Marc Anthony is Caesar’s chief general and a loyal officer Lepidus is a high priest Lepidus is pushed aside Octavian and Marc Anthony Hunt down Caesar’s murderers Then argue amongst themselves Agree to each govern half of the empire o Marc Anthony – __________ o Octavian – ____________ Civil war breaks out between the two o 31 BC o Octavian defeats Marc Anthony and his Egyptian ally Cleopatra ***** Octavian rules alone ***** The Roman Republic is DEAD Age of the Roman Empire o Senate gives Octavian the title of ____________________ (exalted one or revered one) o Octavian calls himself ____________________ o Government is known as the Principate Augustan Age o Ruled for 40 years (died in 14 AD) o Divided power between himself and Senate o Brought peace to the western part of the empire – Gaul and Spain o Enlarged empire to the Danube River o Firm, moderate policies o Efficient civil service o High level jobs to ____________________________________________________ o Cities and provinces – lots of self-government o o o o o o o Census – ______________________________ New ________________ – made trade easier Created __________________ and ______________ brigades Stockpiled food and water Building program Jobless built roads, temples etc. Brick → marble Problem o No line of succession – so – death of a ruler = intrigue and violence After Augustus – the quality of emperors vary o Some good o Some weak o Some incompetent Julio-Claudians o Relatives of Julius Caesar o Emperors of empire for 54 years o Abilities vary greatly o ________________ – competent o ________________ – brutal, mentally unstable (evil, insane) Appointed his horse as consul o ______________ Persecuted Christians Burned Rome ??? Civil War Again Flavians o 4 military leaders, o Last of them restored order and stability The Good Emperors o 5 o 96 -180 AD o Ruled for a century from the provinces, not Rome o opened up Senate to members of the provinces o empire grew ________________ o empire at it largest → Romania, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Sinai Peninsula ________________ o thought empire too large and withdrew from eastern additions o built defensive fortifications along frontier in Britain to hold back attackers from the north o Hadrian’s Wall o Codified laws – ______________________________ _________________ o __________________________________ Pax Romana o The ___________________________ o 200 years – from _________________ (27 BC) → ______________________ (180 AD) o Peace, order, unity, prosperity from Euphrates to Britain o Stable government o Strong legal system o Widespread trade o ___________________ maintained and protected the roads 50,000 miles of roads built for military purposes ___________________ o Trade from one end of the empire to the other o People moved within the empire – spreading ___________, ___________ and Hellenistic ways o ______________