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BF Skinner Behavior Modification BF Skinner • Born March 10, 1904 in Pennsylvania • Attended Harvard University at age 24 • First teaching job in 1936 • 1947 Department Chair of the Psychology Department, Indiana University • 1969 published Contingencies of Reinforcement • 1971 published Beyond Freedom and Dignity • Towards end of his life wrote autobiographical volumes including A Matter of Consequences • Diagnosed with leukemia in 1989 • Died August 18, 1990 Operant Conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Components of Operant Conditioning • Reinforcements- anything that increases or strengthens a certain behavior • 2 Types : – Positive: this is when a behavior is rewarded or strengthened by given a reward or praise after demonstrating the desire behavior so that is will likely reoccur, the behavior is strengthened by adding something. – Negative: this is the removal of something after the display of the behavior, but still strengthening the behavior. Positive Reinforcements • After making a 100 on a spelling test, your teacher tells you “Great Job.” • You are the only one in your class sitting down quietly, so your teacher gives you a free ice cream. Negative Reinforcements • Before going to the pool for the day, you put on sunscreen so that you do not get burnt. • One Tuesday morning you leave for work early to avoid being stuck in traffic and being late to work. Operant Conditioning Cont. • Punishment- decreasing the behavior that it proceeds. Taking something away something good or desirable to decrease the occurrences of a undesired behavior. • 2 Types: – Positive punishment: also known as the punishment by application, this involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. – Negative punishment: also known as punishment by removal, occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. Positive Punishments • Because you're late to work one morning, you drive over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, you get pulled over by a police officer and receive a ticket. • A boy brings his cell phone to class and in the middle of a class lecture his phone rings, as a result he is scolded by the teacher for not turning his phone off prior to class. Negative Punishments • A teenage boy comes home way past his curfew, so in return his parents put him on restriction. • A boy talks back to his mother about the amount of time she allotted for his free time, so the mother takes his free time away. Operant Conditioning • Pros: – – – – – Helps discourage unwanted behaviors Helps with confidence and self assurance Helps set boundaries within the classroom and home Promotes safety Develops social skills • Cons: – Some felt that humans could not be compared with animals therefore the research which was done was inconclusive because the results would not be the same. – Some feel that punishments are often misused Works Cited http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopco nd.htm http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_wade_invtopsych_3/9/5090/1303118. cw/content/index.html http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html http://www.ehow.com/info_8208961_pros-rewarding-goodbehavior.html