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By: Mark A. Gonzalez & Susan Pojer Bradenton Christian School Bradenton, Florida The Geography of Rome Italy in 750 BC Influence of the Etruscans Writing-never been deciphered Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus According to legend, their mother was Rhea Silvia conceived the twins by the god Mars. Once the twins were born, they were abandoned to die in the Tiber river. They were saved by a series of miraculous interventions: the river carried them to safety, a she-wolf found and suckled them, and a woodpecker fed them. A shepherd and his wife found them and fostered them to manhood as simple shepherds. The twins, still ignorant of their true origins, proved to be natural leaders. Each acquired many followers. When they discovered the truth of their birth and chose to found a new city. In a power struggle, Romulus eventually killed Remus and the city was named “Rome” somewhere between 753-728 BC. Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians-land owning noblemen) General Assembly (Representative body for plebeians (90% of pop.)-all other free men) More stable than Greek direct democracy Structure of our US Govt modeled on this Roman Republic model The Twelve Tables of Rome, 450 BC Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Codified law similar to Hammurabi’s Innocent until proven guilty Eventually applied to all conquered areas Established “Rule of Law” in Rome • est. the lawyer profession-Cicero-the First great lawyer The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road Systembuilt by the Roman army Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior and the the hypogeum below The Punic Wars Rome vs. Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route (218-201 BC) •Rome’s conflicts w/ the Carthaginians-Punic wars •Hannibal destroyed many towns and villages almost conquered Rome •Romans eventually burned Carthage to the ground--Rome became the only power in the Mediterranean Reforms after the Punic Wars Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Collapse of the Republic •Large influx of slaves-not enough jobs for poor Romans (plebians) on the farms moved to cities •Led to overcrowding in the cities •Roman currency became devalued high inflation •Political Leaders fought amongst themselves—power of the Senate weakened •Power transferred to the Consul of 3 menalso called the 1st Triumvirate The First Triumvirate 1. Julius Caesar 2. Marcus Crassus 3. Gaius Pompey Collapse of the Republic: Senate v. Caesar’s followers Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon River, 49 BC-a point of no return….Julius Caesar symbolically began the Roman Empire “The Die is Cast!” Crossing the Rubicon River “Beware the Ides of March!”warned a seer 44 BC-Julius Assassinated! The Second Triumvirate 1. Octavian Augustus 2. Marc Antony 3. Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor Also known as Caesar Augustus The emperor at the time of Jesus’ birth •Rome—the capital of Western world •Est. rule of law, common coinage, civil service and secure travel for merchants •Pax Romana (Roman Peace)-220 years of stability •Conquered peoples could maintain cultural identity The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BC –180 AD The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 AD The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Christian Apostle to the Gentiles •Gospel spread by Paul and Jesus’ disciples •Grace through faith and salvation open to all who believe attracted many especially the poor and women •2nd major monotheistic religion •Spread throughout the entire empire by the 3rd century The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System-allowed for the easy spread of the gospel Nero and the Great Persecution •Romans saw the new religion as a threat to its paganism and power •Emperor Nero began to persecute Christians •Open killings in Rome’s Colosseum •Failed to stop the spread of the gospel Nero and the Great Persecution SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN ASIA The Empire in Crisis: rd 3 c The Empire in Crisis: rd 3 c 2 Major Reasons for Collapse of the Roman Empire: 1. Internal-bad leaders, too big of an empire to manage 2. External- the Huns, Vandals and invasion of the Germanic tribes Emp. Diocletian divided the empire to introduce economic reforms Co-emperor w/ Constantine for a while Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 – 337 AD •Rose to power 306 AD as co-emperor, full control of the east by 322 • set up full control of the empire at Constantinople •Christianity as the official religion of the empire---try to unify (Edict of Milan, 391 AD Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Interregional Trade Networks Roman to Asia Trade • Routes overland converged at Constantinople • Sea routes to Indian Ocean • From central Asia-stirrups, rice, citrus, silk and spices from Asia, gold from Africa Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” •Led the nomadic Huns-from China to Germany •Both Romans and Germanic tribes resisted him •Attacked Rome •His victory showed the superiority of horsemen in warfare- the Greeks , Romans and Germanic tribes preferred infantry The Center of Power shifts to Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government—US Constitution Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Roman Military Tactics still used Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch