Download Muslim Civilizations

Muslim Civilizations
622-1629
Section 2: Building a Muslim Empire
• Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s
father-in-law, was the
first caliph, Islamic
ruler.
• Some Arab tribes did
not want to follow Abu,
however he was able to
reunite tribes.
• Muslims were then able
to conquer the Persians
and portions of the
Byzantine Empire.
Sunnis and Shiites
Shiites
Sunnis
• Believe the true successors • Believe that any good
Muslim can lead the
to Muhammad are
descendants of his daughter, community.
Fatima and son-in-law Ali. • Majority of Muslims, believe
inspiration comes from
• Believe the Imams, the
Muhammad’s example
descendants, are divine
inspired leaders and
interpret the Quran and
• 90% of Muslims are Sunni
Muhammad’s actions.
Similarities
• Believe in the same God
• Look to Quran for guidance
• Follow Pillars of Islam
Sufis
• Mystics that communicate with
God through meditation, fasting,
and rituals.
• Traveled and spread Islam to
remote villages.
Umayyad & Abbasids
Umayyad (oo my ad) caliphs expanded and spread Muslim
civilizations through parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Reasons for Success
• Weak Byzantine and Persian empires
• Efficient fighting
Conquered People and Lands
• Allowed people to practice any religion they wanted, but
non-Muslims had restrictions and a tax on them.
• Many people did convert to Islam
• The Umayyad's began struggling to control the vast empires.
• Tension between wealthy Arabs and less wealthy non-Arabs
caused issues.
Abbasid dynasty took over the
Umayyad's and had support from
Shiites and non-Arabs.
• Equality for all Muslims
• Capital moved to Baghdad
• City of Peace, Gift of God,
Paradise on Earth
Abbasid Empire Declines
• Seljuk Turks converted to Islam
and forced the Christian pope to
call for the First Crusade
• Mongols burned and looted
Baghdad, conquering Muslim and
non-Muslim lands.
Section 3: Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age
Muslim civilization blended with other cultures to create a
unique civilization.
Camel trading caravans crossed the Sahara and followed
the Silk Road into China
People began converting to Islam and learned Arabiccommon religion and language helped global trade expand.
Goods
Steel swords, leather goods, cotton textiles, Persian
carpets, fine glassware, furniture, and tapestries
Social Mobility: Ability to move up in social class. People
could improve their social rank through religious, scholarly,
or military achievements.
Slavery- Common in Muslim lands, but freeing slaves was an
act of charity. Slaves worked in houses or were skilled
artisans.
.
Muslim Art, Literature, & Architecture
Islamic Literature: The Quran, it banned the
worship of idols. Artists were not allowed to use
God or human figures in their religious art.
Chivalry and romance of nomadic life were themes
Muslim poetry
Arab writers gathered and adapted stories from
other cultures as well. The Thousand and One
Nights is one of the most famous group of tales.
Muslims Seek Knowledge
• Boys and girls received
elementary education.
• Reading and writing was emphasized
• Libraries and centers of learning were
established in Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba,
and Timbuktu
• Translated other great works
• Ibn Rushd: Put all knowledge, except the
Quran, to the test of reason
• Ibn Khaldun (ib un kal doon): Set
standards for scientific study of history,
urged historians to trust sources only
after thorough investigations
Mathematics & Medicine
al-Khwarizmi: He pioneered Algebra and
developed astronomical tables based on the
Greek and Indian discoveries.
Physicians and pharmacists had to pass tests
before they could practice. The government set
up hospitals, doctors traveled to people that
could not get to the city.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Persian physician, wrote
Canon on Medicine, a medical encyclopedia that
contained treatments and diagnoses of diseases
and prescriptions
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
• Delhi sultanate started the Muslim rule in northern India
• Hindu princes were battling each other inside of fighting a
common enemy
•
Large numbers of Hindus from low castes converted to Islam
• Muslims in India changed the culture and government
•
The Mongol raids forced many to leave Baghdad and head to India bringing
Persian and Greek learning
• Muslims and Hindus Clash
•
Muslims conquest destroyed many Buddhist monasteries and Hindus were
killed. Hindus may have converted to escape death.
•
Delhi sultans became tolerant of Hindu subjects
•
•
Allowed rajahs, local Hindu rulers to stay in place
Indian Muslims absorbed aspects of Hindu culture
•
Urdu language- Persian, Arabic, and Indian language spoken in Delhi
• Sikhism (seek iz um)
• Religion that arose from Nanak’s teachings of a blend of Islam and
Hinduism
• Mughal India
• Babur (descendent of Genghis Khan) head of Turkish and Mongol
armies
•
Conquered Delhi sultanate and set up the Mughal dynasty
• Akbar (Babur’s grandson) was the chief builder of the Mughal empire
•
Created a strong central government, had a policy of tolerance to
Hindus. He allowed any caste to have a government job and Hindu
princes helped rule the empire.
•
He ended the tax that non-Muslims were forced to pay and he married a
Hindu princess.
• After Akbar’s death, his son,
Jahangir (juh HAHN geer), took
over but was a very weak ruler.
Jahangir’s wife, Nur Jahan was
a strong leader.
• During Shah Jahan’s
(Akbar’s grandson) reign, it
was the highest point of
Mughal art, literature, and
architecture.
• When his wife died, he was
so distraught that he built
the Taj Mahal as a tomb for
her.
Ottoman and Safavid Empires
• New technology helped create strong
governments.
• Cannons and muskets gave firepower to
foot soldiers
• Ottomans
• Turkish speaking people came from
Central Asia and expanded into
Eastern Europe
• Crushed the Byzantine empire-took
over Constantinople (Istanbul)
which became the Ottoman
capital.
Ottoman and Safavid Empires
• Suleiman
(soo lay mahn)
• General that conquered many
lands, in the Middle East and west
into Europe.
• He believed to be the heir of the
Abbasids and caliph of all Muslims.
• “Emperor” & “Protector of the
Sacred Places” (Mecca & Medina)
• Suleiman had absolute power but had help from
a council. A bureaucracy supervised the business
of government and the military kept peace
Society divided into classes
• Men of the Sword & Men of the Pen
• Sword: Guarded the sultan and defended the
state
• Pen: Scientists, lawyers, judges, and poets
Men of the Sword
&
Men of the Pen
• Men of Negotiation
• Merchants, tax collectors, and artisans
• Men of Husbandry
Men of
Negotiation
• Farmers and herders
Men of Sword and Pen were almost all Muslims. The
other classes included non-Muslims
Men of Husbandry
Ottoman Culture
• Janizaries (jan ih sehr eez)
•
•
Elite force of Ottoman army
Rigorous military training
• Non-Muslim boys and girls served as slaves in Muslim
houses
• After Suleiman’s death, the empire began to decline.
•
Advances in technology in Europe, as well as Russia
and others claimed Ottoman land added to the
decline.
Safavid Empire
• Safavids (located between the Mughals and Ottomans, Iran today)
• Shiite Muslims while the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims
• Safavid king is called a shah
• Shah Abbas the Great
• Built a new capital, Isfahan, which was the center for international silk trade.
•
Centralized the government and created a strong military force
• After Shah Abbas’s death, the empire declined. Shiite scholars challenged the shahs
and wanted to persecute those of other religions. Rebels were able to defeat armies
and capture Isfahan.