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Latin II Review of 1st Year & 1st Semester Latin II Nomen mihi est ______________________ I. Latin nouns are used in six cases: Nominative: used as a subject or predicate nom. (after a linking verb) to complete the meaning of the subject. Genitive: Genitive of possession Use no preposition to convey the idea ‘of’ or an apostrophe. Vitam puellae servo. I save the life of the girl. Objective genitive Use as the object of a noun with a verbal force to mean ‘of’, ‘for’, ‘from’, ‘over’. the love for friends amor amicorum the flight from enemies fuga inimicorum Genitive of the whole/ Partitive genitive Use to express the whole or part of some thing/group, esp. with ordinals. part of the city pars urbis no one of your enemies nemo inimicorum tuorum enough eloquence satis eloquentiae the first and second of my sons filiorum meorum primus et secundus Genitive of Description Used when in English a noun of quality is modified by an adjective. A man of great courage vir magnae virtutis Genitive of Measure Used with definite measurements (with numbers); the dimension is abl. of respect! A twenty foot river amnis viginti pedum Dative: Indirect object Use frequently with words meaning ‘give, say, show, tell, entrust, etc.’ to mean ‘to’ or ‘for’. Puellae cibum dono. I give food to the girl. Dative of reference Use to show to the person benefitted, harmed, or referenced by the action of the verb. Meo amico villam aedificant. They are building a house for my friend. Dat. with adj. Use a noun in dat. with amicus, carus, finitimus, gratus, idoneus, inimicus, notus, propinquus, vicinus. Poeni Troianis amici sunt. The Phonecians are friendly to the Trojans. Dat. of possession Use with the verb sum or compound of sum like dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus be missing, be lacking. Sunt tibi animus et mōrēs. You have soul and character. Dative of Purpose Use to show purpose or result with certain nouns, esp. auxilio (as a aid/help), cordi (for a heart/ dear), curae (for a care), impedimento (as a hindrance), saluti (as a salvation), usui (as a use) Hoc auxilio praebet. He offers this as an aid. Double dative The dative of purpose with the dative of reference. This serves as a help to me. Hoc mihi auxilio est. Accusative: Direct object Use no preposition as the object of a transitive verb. Men carry money. Viri pecuniam portaverunt Accusative of place to which Use ad, in, prope, sub, etc. to show motion towards. They sailed to the island. Ad insulam navigaverunt. Predicate Accusative With a verb of making, naming, or choosing. I call my daughter Helen. Filiam voco Helenam. Accusative of Extent of Space Use without a preposition to answer: How far? He walked 100 feet. Centum pedes ambulavit. Accusative of Duration of Time Use without a preposition to answer: How long? In English use “for”. We will wait for them for three hours. Eos tres horas exspectabimus. Double Accusative Rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus & doceo, docēre, docui, doctus may have a person & a thing as direct objects in the accusative case—‘double’! He will teach us knowledge. Scientiam nos docet. Ablative: Ablative of place where Use in to convey the idea of ‘in’ or ‘on’. Rome is in Italy. Roma est in Italiā. Ablative of place from which Use ā/ab, de, ē/ex to convey the idea of ‘from’ Viri ex aquā portantur. The men are carried from the water. Ablative of accompaniment Use cum to indicate ‘with’ or ‘together with’ Cum amico navigabo. I will sail with a friend. Ablative of means Use no preposition to show ‘by’, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’ They saved the boys with food. Pueros cibo servabant. Ablative of agent Used to show the person by whom the action of a passive verb is being done The country will be saved by the soldiers. Patria a militibus servabitur. Use to express the respect in which an adjective, noun or verb is true. Ablative of specification/ respect They excel in courage. Virtute superant. Ablative with preposition ‘ex’ or Use instead of the partitive gen. with specific numbers & certain words such as ‘de’ ‘pauci’ & ‘quidam’. Few (of the) sailors are sailing.. Pauci ex nautis navigant. Ablative of separation Use to indicate a person/thing separated from some other with no movement. He freed the women from fear. Feminas timōre līberāvit. Ablative of manner Use cum to indicate ‘how’. Cum is sometimes omitted when there is a adj./noun He labors with great eagerness. Magno (cum) studio laborat. Ablative of Price With verbs of buying, selling, & exchanging the price or means of payment is in the abl. with no prep. He bought the field for 20 gold pieces. Agrum viginti aureis emit. Ablative Time When/Within Which Use without a prep. to indicate when or within which—do not use ‘for’ in English! At the fifth hour he departed. Quinque horā migravit. Ablative of Degree of Difference Use no prep. to answer: By how much? Frequently with the adverbs ante & post. Tribus post annis migravit. Three years later he departed. Ablative of Description Used when in English a noun of quality is modified by an adjective. A man of great courage vir magnā virtute Vocative: addresses a person. In Latin the vocative has the same form as the nominative EXCEPT the vocative singular of a 2nd declension –us noun or adjective ends in –e, the –ius noun ends in –i, but –ius adjective ends in –ie. Nota Bene: meus, mea, meum has the irregular vocative masculine singular form mi. Locative: With names of cities, domus, and rus, for prepositions we have no use! Place constructions regarding names of cities, towns, small islands, domus, domūs, rus, ruris, and humus, humi do NOT use a preposition! The Accusative of Place Where will be in the accusative case with no preposition and the Ablative of Place from Which will be in the ablative case with no preposition. The Ablative of Place Where for just these names of cities, towns, small islands, domus, domūs, rus, ruris, and humus, humi will be in the Locative case with no preposition. The Locative case for these words is: 1st declension: exactly like the dative form! 2nd declension: exactly like the genitive singular form for the singular, like the dative plural for the plural! 3rd declension: exactly like the dative form! domus, domūs: domi Apposition: A noun which restates (renames) or further identifies another noun is said to be an appositive. Marcus, amicus meus, ā mē laudabitur. Marcus, my friend, will be praised by me. singular plural Plural singular Plural 1st decl. 2nd us decl. singular 2nd n. decl. Nominative nominative carrus carri nominative signum signa silva silvae Genitive genitive carri carrorum genitive signi signorum silvae silvarum Dative dative carro carris dative signo signis silvae silvis Accusative accusative carrum carros accusative signum signa silvam silvas Ablative ablative carro carris ablative signo signis silvā silvis 2nder decl. nominative genitive dative accusative ablative singular vir viri viro virum viro Plural viri virorum viris viros viris 3rd n. decl. nominative genitive dative accusative Ablative singular corpus corporis corpori corpus corpore plural corpora corporum corporibus corpora corporibus 2nd r decl. nominative genitive dative accusative ablative 3rd i-stem m/f nominative genitive dative accusative ablative singular ager agri agro agrum agro singular finis finis fini finem fine Plural agri agrorum agris agros agris plural fines finium finibus fines finibus 3rdMFdecl Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular homo hominis homini hominem homine 3rd i-stem n. nominative genitive dative accusative ablative singular mare maris mari mare mari Plural homines hominum hominibus homines hominibus plural maria marium maribus maria maribus Masculine and feminine 3rd declension nouns are i-stem nouns if either one or the other of these (not both): 1.) There is no increase in syllables between the nominative singular and genitive singular forms. except: old man (senex, senis), young man (iuvenis, iuvenis), and dog (canis, canis). civis, civis, m.& f. citizen finis, finis, m. end 2.) There is a double consonant in the genitive singular form before the –is ending. except: mother (mater, matris), father (pater, patris), and brother (frater, fratris). nox, noctis, f. night pars, partis, f. part, side Neuter 3rd declension nouns are i-stem nouns if they end in –al, -ar, or –e in the nominative singular. mare, maris, n. sea animal, animalis, n. animal 4th d. m&f singular plural 4th d. n. singular plural 5th d. m. singular plural 5th d. f. singular plural nom. manus manūs nom. cornu cornua nom. dies dies nom. res res gen. manūs manuum gen. cornus cornuum gen. diei dierum gen. rei rerum dat. manuī manibus dat. cornu cornibus dat. diei diebus dat. rei rebus acc. manum manūs acc. cornu cornua acc. diem dies acc. rem res abl. manū manibus abl. cornu cornibus abl. die diebus abl. re rebus II. Adverbs: In Latin an adverb can be formed from some 1st & 2nd declension adjectives by adding –e to the stem. latus, lata, latum = late widely miser, misera, miserum = misere wretchedly III. Pronouns Personal pronouns: st singular plural singular plural 1 p. 2nd p. Nom. ego I nos We Nom. tu you vos you Gen. meī of me nostrum of us Gen. tuī of you vestrum of you Dat. mihi to/for me nobis to/for us Dat. tibi to/for you vobis to/for you Acc. mē Me nos Us Acc. tē you vos you Abl. mē by/with me nobis by/with us Abl. tē by/with you vobis by/with you Note: DO NOT use the genitive forms to indicate possession. Use the possessive adjectives to modify nouns: meus, mea, meum; tuus, tua, tuum; noster, nostra, nostrum; vester, vestra, vestrum Refelxive pronouns: These refer back to the subject of the sentence (like reflexive adjectives) and do not have a nominative form. 1st & 2nd person personal pronouns can be used reflexively. The 3rd person has its own particular forms. Third Person Reflexive Pronouns nominative ----------genitive of himself, of herself, of itself, of themselves sui dative to/for himself, to/for herself, to/for itself, to/for themselves sibi accusative himself, herself, itself, themselves sē ablative by/with himself, by/with herself, by/with itself, by/with themselves sē Relative Pronouns: who, which, that. singular plural masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter qui quae quod qui quae quae cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus quem quam quod quos quas quae quo quā quo quibus quibus quibus Demonstratives: hic, haec, hoc (this, these): iste, ista, istud (that near you, those near you): ille, illa, illud (that, those): hic huius huic hunc hoc hi horum his hos his singular haec huius huic hanc hāc plural hae harum his has his hoc huius huic hoc hoc iste istius isti istum isto haec horum his haec his isti istorum istis istos istis singular ista istius isti istam istā plural istae istarum istis istas istis istud istius isti istud isto ille illius illi illum illo ista istorum istis ista istis illi illorum illis illos illis singular illa illius illi illam illā plural illae illarum illis illas illis illud illius illi illud illo illa illorum illis illa illis is, ea, id (he, she, it, this, that, they, these, those) singular is eius ei eum eo he of him/his to/for him him by/with him ea eius ei eam eā ei, ii eorum eis eos eis they of them/their to/for them them by/with them eae earum eis eas eis she of her/hers to/for her her by/with her id eius ei id eo it of it/its to/for it it by/with it they of them/their to/for them them by/with them ea eorum eis ea eis they of them/their to/for them them by/with them plural idem, eadem, idem (the same, this same, that same): singular plural eadem eidem eaedem eadem idem idem eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem eidem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem eisdem eosdem easdem eadem eundem eandem idem eodem eādem eodem eisdem eisdem eisdem ipse, ipsa, ipsum ‘myself/ourselves’, ‘yourself/yourselves’, ‘himself/ herself/itself/themselves’, ‘very’, and ‘actual.’ singular plural ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa ipso ipsā ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis IV. Prepositions: with objects in the ablative with objects in the accusative ā/ab from, away from/by(agent) ad to, towards, near cum with ante before, in front of de down from, about contra against ē/ex from, out of in into, onto, against in in, on per through, by sub under, at the foot of post after, behind, in back of prae before, ahead of; in comparison with sub up to, to the foot of, to under pro before, out in front of; for super over, above trans across circum around inter among, between prope near V. Adjectives First and Second Declension Adjectives Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative magnus magni magno magnum magno Singular magna magnae magnae magnam magnā magnum magni magno magnum magno magni magnorum magnis magnos magnis Plural magnae magnarum magnis magnas magnis magna magnorum magnis magna magnis Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative liber liberi libero liberum libero Singular libera liberae liberae liberam liberā liberum liberi libero liberum libero liberi liberorum liberis liberos liberis Plural liberae liberarum liberis liberas liberis libera liberorum liberis libera liberis Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative sacer sacri sacro sacrum sacro Singular sacra sacrae sacrae sacram sacrā sacrum sacri sacro sacrum sacro sacri sacrorum sacris sacros sacris Plural sacrae sacrarum sacris sacras sacris sacra sacrorum sacris sacra sacris Substantive: An adjective used in place of a noun. Masc. & fem. forms refer to people, the n. refer to things. Irregular 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives These adjectives have –ius as their genitive singular, and –i for their dative singular. All of their other forms are regular, like those of magnus, -a, -um. Unus, una, unum one Neuter, neutra, neutrum neither (of two) Nullus, nulla, nullum not any, no... Alter, altera, alterum the other (of two), the second Ullus, ulla, ullum any Uter, utra, utrum which (of two) Solus, sola, solum only, alone Totus, tota, totum whole, all Alius, alia, aliud other, another singular plural totus tota totum toti totae tota totorum totarum totorum totius totius totius totis totis totis toti toti toti totum totam totum totos totas tota toto totā toto totis totis totis Third Declension Adjectives 1.) three endings- all genders are different in the nominative singular: celer, celeris, celere. singular plural masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter celer celeris celere celeres celeres celeria celeris celeris celeris celerium celerium celerium celeri celeri celeri celeribus celeribus celeribus celerem celerem celere celeres celeres celeria celeri celeri celeri celeribus celeribus celeribus 2.) two endings- masculine and feminine are the same and end in –is, neuter ends in –e: fortis, forte. singular plural masculine & feminine neuter masculine & feminine neuter fortis forte fortes fortia fortis fortis fortium fortium forti forti fortibus fortibus fortem forte fortes fortia forti forti fortibus fortibus 3. one ending- one form for all genders: par. singular plural masculine & feminine neuter masculine & feminine neuter par par pares paria paris paris parium parium pari pari paribus paribus parem par pares paria pari pari paribus paribus Unus, una, unum; duo, duae, duo; tres, tria; Mille (indeclinable singular) masc.si. fem.si. n. si. masc. pl. fem. pl. n. pl. masc. & fem. pl. n. pl. singular plural nom. unus una unum duo duae duo tres tria mille milia gen. unius unius unius duorum duarum duorum trium trium mille milium dat. uni uni uni duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus mille milibus acc. unum unam unum duos duas duo tres tria mille milia abl. uno unā uno duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus mille milibus VI. Questions: Questions can ask for information or ask for a yes or no answer. For questions that ask for a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer the enclitic –ne is added to the first word in the sentence. Sometimes the question is asked in such a way that the answer ‘yes’ is expected and the word ‘Nonne’ begins the question. Sometimes ‘no’ is the expected response and then the question begins with the word ‘Num’.To ask for information use ‘cur’ why, ‘ubi’ where, the interrogative pronoun or interrogative adjective. As a subset of questions that ask for information, some questions ask for very specific information, a choice between two or more supposed answers that are offered in the question. In these types of questions, the particle ‘Utrum’ is used at the beginning of the sentence and an ‘or’, or annon ‘or not’ separates the choices offered. Utrum dedit regina regnum filio an filiae? Did the queen give the kingdom to her son or to her daughter? Urtum dedit regina regnum filio annon? Did the queen give the kingdom to her son, or not? Interrogative pronouns: “who?” “whose?” “whom?” “what?” “which?” singular plural neuter masculine feminine neuter masculine and feminine qui quae quae quis quid cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui quibus quibus quibus quos quas quae quem quid quo quibus quibus quibus quo Interrogative Adjectives: “which?” “whom?” “what?” “what kind?” “what kind of?” singular Plural masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter qui quae quod qui quae quae cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus quem quam quod quos quas quae quo quā quo quibus quibus quibus VII. Verbs: You must be able to identify the verb’s conjugation & principal parts to properly form the tenses!!! st 1 conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation rd 3 – io conjugation 4th conjugation 1st principal part ending -o -eo -o -io -io 2nd principal part ending -are -ēre -ere -ere -īre Present system tenses (present, imperfect, & future) use the present stem. Perfect active system tenses use the perfect stem & perfect passive system tenses use the 4th principal part and forms of the verb sum as a helping verb). 1st conjugation: laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus present 1st 2nd 3rd imperfect 1st 2nd 3rd future 1st 2nd 3rd perfect 1st 2nd 3rd pluperfect 1st 2nd 3rd future perfect 1st 2nd 3rd I praise, am praising, do praise laudo laudamus laudas laudatis laudat laudant I was praising, praised, used to praise laudabam laudabamus laudabas laudabatis laudabat laudabant I will praise laudabo laudabimus laudabis laudabitis laudabit laudabunt I have praised, praised, did praise laudavi laudavimus laudavisti laudavistis laudavit laudaverunt I had praised laudaveram laudaveramus laudaveras laudaveratis laudaverat laudaverant I shall have praised laudavero laudaverimus laudaveris laudaveritis laudaverit laudaverint I am praised, am being praised laudor laudamur laudaris laudamini laudatur laudantur I was being praised, was praised, used to be praised laudabar laudabamur laudabaris laudabamini laudabatur laudabantur I will be praised laudabor laudabimur * laudaberis * laudabimini laudabitur laudabuntur I have been praised laudatus, laudata, laudatum sum laudati, laudatae, laudata sumus laudatus, laudata, laudaum es laudati, laudatae, laudata estis laudatus, laudata, laudaum est laudati, laudatae, laudata sunt I had been praised laudatus, laudata, laudatum eram laudati, laudatae, laudata eramus laudatus, laudata, laudaum eras laudati, laudatae, laudata eratis laudatus, laudata, laudaum erat laudati, laudatae, laudata erant I shall have been praised laudatus, laudata, laudatum ero laudati,laudatae, laudata erimus laudatus, laudata, laudaum eris laudati, laudatae, laudata eritis laudatus, laudata, laudaum erit laudati, laudatae, laudata erunt 2nd Conjugation: moneo, monēre, monui, monitus present I warn, am warning, do warn 1st moneo monemus 2nd mones monetis 3rd monet monent imperfect I was warning, warned, used to warn 1st monebam monebamus 2nd monebas monebatis 3rd monebat monebant future I will warn 1st monebo monebimus 2nd monebis monebitis 3rd monebit monebunt perfect I have warned, warned, did warn 1st monui monuimus 2nd monuisti monuistis 3rd monuit monuerunt pluperfect I had warned 1st monueram monueramus 2nd monueras monueratis 3rd monuerat monuerant future perfect I shall have warned 1st monuero monuerimus 2nd monueris monueritis 3rd monuerit monuerint 3rd Conjugation: duco, ducere, duxi, ductus present I lead, am leading, do lead 1st duco ducimus 2nd ducis ducitis 3rd ducit ducunt imperfect I was leading, led, used to lead 1st ducebam ducebamus 2nd ducebas ducebatis 3rd ducebat ducebant future I will lead 1st ducam ducemus 2nd duces ducetis 3rd ducet ducent perfect I have led, led, did lead 1st duxi duximus 2nd duxisti duxistis 3rd duxit duxerunt pluperfect I had led 1st duxeram duxeramus 2nd duxeras duxeratis 3rd duxerat duxerant future perfect I shall have led 1st duxero duxerimus 2nd duxeris duxeritis 3rd duxerit duxerint 3rd –io Conjugation: capio, capere, cepi, captus present I seize, am seizing, do seize 1st capio capimus 2nd capis capitis 3rd capit capiunt imperfect I was seizing, seized, used to seize 1st capiebam capiebamus 2nd capiebas capiebatis 3rd capiebat capiebant future I will seize I am warned, am being warned moneor monemur moneris monemini monetur monentur I was being warned, was warned, used to be warned monebar monebamur monebaris monebamini monebatur monebantur I will be warned monebor monebimur * moneberis * monebimini monebitur monebuntur I have been warned monitus, monita, monitum sum moniti, monitae, monita sumus monitus, monita, monitum es moniti, monitae, monita estis monitus, monita, monitum est moniti, monitae, monita sunt I had been warned monitus, monita, monitum eram moniti, monitae, monita eramus monitus, monita, monitum eras moniti, monitae, monita eratis monitus, monita, monitum erat moniti, monitae, monita erant I shall have been warned monitus, monita, monitum ero moniti, monitae, monita erimus monitus, monita, monitum eris moniti, monitae, monita eritis monitus, monita, monitum erit moniti, monitae, monita erunt I am led, am being led, ducor ducimur * duceris * ducimini ducitur ducuntur I was being led, was led, used to be led ducebar ducebamur ducebaris ducebamini ducebatur ducebantur I will be led ducar ducemur ducēris ducemini ducetur ducentur I have been led ductus, ducta, ductum sum ducti, ductae, ducta sumus ductus, ducta, ductum es ducti, ductae, ducta estis ductus, ducta, ductum est ducti, ductae, ducta sunt I had been led ductus, ducta, ductum eram ducti, ductae, ducta eramus ductus, ducta, ductum eras ducti, ductae, ducta eratis ductus, ducta, ductum erat ducti, ductae, ducta erant I shall have been led ductus, ducta, ductum ero ducti, ductae, ducta erimus ductus, ducta, ductum eris ducti, ductae, ducta eritis ductus, ducta, ductum erit ducti, ductae, ducta erunt I am seized, am being seized capior capimur * caperis * capimini capitur capiuntur I was being seized, was seized, used to be seized capiebar capiebamur capiebaris capiebamini capiebatur capiebantur I will be seized 1st capiam capiemus 2nd capies capietis 3rd capiet capient perfect I have seized, seized, did seize 1st cepi cepimus 2nd cepisti cepistis 3rd cepit ceperunt pluperfect I had seized 1st ceperam ceperamus 2nd ceperas ceperatis 3rd ceperat ceperant future perfect I shall have seized 1st cepero ceperimus 2nd ceperis ceperitis 3rd ceperit ceperint 4th Conjugation: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus present I hear, am hearing, do hear 1st audio audimus 2nd audis auditis 3rd audit audiunt imperfect I was hearing, heard, used to hear 1st audiebam audiebamus 2nd audiebas audiebatis 3rd audiebat audiebant future I will hear 1st audiam audiemus 2nd audies audietis 3rd audiet audient perfect I have heard, heard, did hear 1st audivi audivimus 2nd audivisti audivistis 3rd audivit audiverunt pluperfect I had heard 1st audiveram audiveramus 2nd audiveras audiveratis 3rd audiverat audiverant future perfect I shall have heard 1st audivero audiverimus 2nd audiveris audiveritis 3rd audiverit audiverint capiar capieris capietur capiemur capiemini capientur I have been seized captus, capta, captum sum capti, captae, capta sumus captus, capta, captum es capti, captae, capta estis captus, capta, captum est capti, captae, capta sunt I had been seized captus, capta, captum eram capti, captae, capta eramus captus, capta, captum eras capti, captae, capta eratis captus, capta, captum erat capti, captae, capta erant I shall have been seized captus, capta, captum ero capti, captae, capta erimus captus, capta, captum eris capti, captae, capta eritis captus, capta, captum erit capti, captae, capta erunt I am heard, am being heard audior audimur * audiris * audimini auditur audiuntur I was being heard, was heard, used to be heard audiebar audiebamur audiebaris audiebamini audiebatur audiebantur I will be heard audiar audiemur audieris audiemini audietur audientur I have been heard auditus, audita, auditum sum auditi, auditae, audita sumus auditus, audita, auditum es auditi, auditae, audita estis auditus, audita, auditum est auditi, auditae, audita sunt I had been heard auditus, audita, auditum eram auditi, auditae, audita eramus auditus, audita, auditum eras auditi, auditae, audita eratis auditus, audita, auditum erat auditi, auditae, audita erant I shall have been heard auditus, audita, auditum ero auditi, auditae, audita erimus auditus, audita, auditum eris auditi, auditae, audita eritis auditus, audita, auditum erit auditi, auditae, audita erunt B. The present active infinitive of regular Latin verbs, the second principal part, is indicated by the ending –re. portare= to carry monēre= to warn dicere= to say capere= to seize munīre= to fortify laudare= to praise habēre= to hold ducere= to lead afficere= to affect audīre= to hear The 4th principal part is the perfect passive participle. It may be used as an adjective, agreeing with its noun in gender, number, & case. It is translated as ‘having been _________ed’, or just ‘____________ed’. laudatus having been praised or praised Consilium laudatum the praised plan C. Present active imperatives: The imperative mood is used to express a command. SINGULAR = the present stem Porta! Carry! Doce! Teach! Trahe! drag! Cape! Seize! Muni! Fortify! PLURAL (1st, 2nd, & 4th conj.) = the present stem + -te Portate! Carry! Docete! Teach! Munite! Fortify! PLURAL (3rd & 3rd –io conj.) = the –e on the stem becomes –i, then add –te Trahite! Drag! Capite! Seize! Note: There are five irregular imperatives: Duc! Lead! Fac! Do! (Dic! Fer! Ferte! You have not learned this word yet) Present passive imperatives: SINGULAR = the present stem + -re Portare! Be Carried! Docere! Be taught! Trahere! Be dragged! Capere! Be Seized! Munire! Be fortified! PLURAL (1st, 2nd, & 4th conj.) = the present stem + -mini Portamini! Be carried! Docemini! Be taught! Munimini! Be fortified! PLURAL (3rd & 3rd –io conj.) = the –e on the stem becomes –i, then add –mini Trahimini! Be dragged! Capimini! Be Seized! D. Supine One of the uses of the fourth principal part of a verb is what is called the supine. Certain verbs like sum that have fourth principal parts in –urus, -ura, -urum, do not have a supine. There are two types of supine: commonly known as the supine in –m (the accusative) and the supine in –u (the ablative). Each of these two types has a limited and very specific use. The supine in –m is used with a verb of motion to express purpose. This is the most common use of the supine. Domum visum ambulavit. He walked to see the house. The supine in –u is far less common and used with very few verbs: auditu (audio), dictu (dico), factu (facio), inventu (invenio), visu (video), and memoratu (memoro). This use of the supine is an example of the ablative of specification. It is used mainly with adjectives, sometimes with nouns (fas, nefas) and very rarely with verbs. Quae res inventu facilis non est? What thing is not easy to find? E. Sum, the state of being verb, is only active and never has a direct object. Sum, esse, fui, futurus present 1st 2nd 3rd imperfect 1st 2nd 3rd future 1st 2nd 3rd I am sum es est sumus estis sunt I was eram eras erat eramus eratis erant I will be ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt perfect 1st 2nd 3rd pluperfect 1st 2nd 3rd future perfect 1st 2nd 3rd I have been fui fuisti fuit fuimus fuistis fuerunt I had been fueram fueramus fueras fueratis fuerat fuerant I shall have been fuero fuerimus fueris fueritis fuerit fuerint VIII. Clauses Sentences can be simple or compound. A sentence with a single statement is referred to as a simple sentence. Locus est sacer. The place is sacred. A sentence with more than one statement is referred to as a compound sentence. In a compound sentence each statement is referred to as a clause. Clauses can be coordinate and joined together by a coordinate conjunction. These clauses are usually independent and could stand as separate sentences. Locus non est sacer. Āra est sacra. The place is not sacred. The altar is sacred. Locus non est sacer, sed āra est sacra. The place is not sacred, but the altar is sacred. Some sentences contain a main or principal clause and a subordinate clause that modifies the main clause. The main clause typically could stand as a separate sentence, but the subordinate clause would not be able to do so. Locus est sacer. In quo ara stat...??? The place is sacred. In which the altar stands...??? Locus in quō āra stat est sacer. The place in which the altar stands is sacred. Sum femina nunc. Puella habitabam in Italiā. I am a woman now. As a girl I lived in Italy. Sum femina nunc, sed ubi puella eram in Italiā habitabam. I am a woman now, but when I was a girl I lived in Italy. It is imperative that you review Lesson 10 and Lesson 26, especially the Lesson 26 Notes with the steps to translate!