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Latin 1 Example of an inflected language Latin Nouns can be masculine, feminine or neuter. Masculine nouns often end in –us in the nominative singular (the citation form), like servus slave. Many feminine nouns end in –a like puella girl. An example of a neuter noun in –um is malum apple. Many nouns are declined like the masculine noun miles soldier. Nouns in this declension may be masculine, feminine or neuter. The nominative singular form often has a different stem from the other cases. Thus the feminine noun lex law has the accusative form legem. Adjectives often have masculine forms like servus, feminine like puella and neuter like malum. They agree with their nouns in gender and case, and generally follow the noun. Examples are bonus good, malus bad, procerus tall and benignus kind. Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Singular servus servum servi servo Plural servi servos servorum servis Singular puella puellam puellae puellae Plural puellae puellas puellarum puellis Ablative servo servis puella puellis Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular malum malum mali malo malo Plural mala mala malorum malis malis Singular miles militem militis militi milite Plural milites milites militum militibus militibus Many inflected languages have nominative, accusative, genitive and dative forms. The ablative is something peculiar to Latin in its uses. One important use is for agents in passive sentences, for example, from gladius sword we have gladio by, with a sword. Animate agents also need the preposition a with, as in a milite, by a soldier. The last example shows there is no indefinite article: there is no definite article either. Verbs have a large variety of kinds and conjugations. Here are active and passive forms of two tenses of the verb video I see. The first person singular present is the usual Latin 2 citation form for verbs. Present Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Plural 1st person Active Passive video vides videt videor videris videtur videmus videmur 2 person 3rd person videtis vident videmini videntur Past Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Plural Active Passive vidi vidisti vidit visus sum visus es visus est 1st person 2nd person 3rd person vidimus vidistis viderunt visi sumus visi estis visi sunt nd Visus seen is the past participle. It works like an adjective: just masculine forms are shown here. Sum etc is the verb be: I am etc. The verb do I give, has the past tense dedi etc, and past participle datus. The usual phrase orders in sentences are SV, SOV, SO IO V (IO: indirect object). Subject pronouns are not usually expressed. Try using the forms and rules above to work out what the following would be in Latin: The good girl gave an apple to the tall soldier. The good girls gave apples to the tall soldiers. The slave was seen by the soldier. The girls saw the slaves. The apples were seen by the girls.