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Substance Nouns name things. Each noun changes form to indicate its case, number, and gender. Every noun will be either masculine or feminine or neuter. Substantives are classified by case, number and gender. Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Articles In English, the articles are “the” and “a.” The article changes form to match the noun it modifies. The Greek article differs from English articles in three ways: 1. There is no indefinite article in Greek (a, an). 2. The use of the article is much more versatile than in English. 3. The article always changes form to match the noun it modifies. Adjectives modify nouns. (The brown dog.) Adjectives change form to match the noun they modify. Number Singular Plural Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Case tells us how the word functions in the sentence. Very generally... • the nominative case indicates the subject • the genitive case indicates possession • the dative case identifies the indirect object • the accusative case identifies the direct object Number tells us if there is one or more than one. Pronouns are little words that stand in for nouns. Gender tells if the word is masculine, feminine, or neuter. All Greek substantives have gender. Pronouns change form to match the noun they replace. Motion Verbs Recognizing how Greek verbs change form is a big part of learning the language. There are so many forms that this can be horribly frustrating. There is a big payoff, though. Verbal nuances are often lost in translation. put things into motion. (The monkey flies.) Verbs have tense, voice, mood, person and number. Adverbs modify verbs. (Row, row, row your boat, gently down the stream.) Adverbs do not change form. Participles are verbal adjectives. In English, these are often the “ing” words. They can act like adjectives (“the hunting dog”) or adverbs (“While hunting, I lost my dog.”). Like verbs, participles have tense, voice. Like adjectives, participles have case number and gender. Tense Voice Participle Present Aorist PeRfect Active Middle Passive Participle Case Number Gender Nominative Masculine Genitive Singular Feminine Dative Plural Neuter Accusative Tense Voice Present Imperfect Future Aorist PeRfect Active Middle Passive Mood Person Number Indicative 1 First Subjunctive 2 Second IMperative 3 Third (Participle)* (INfinitive)* Singular Plural • Tense: What kind of action is it? When did it happen? • Voice: Was the subject of the verb giving the action, receiving the action, or acting upon itself? • Mood: What is the relationship of the statement to reality? • Person: Was the subject I, you, or he/she/it? • Number: Was the subject singular or plural? Infinitives are verbal nouns. In English these are the “to be” verbs. (To learn is my greatest joy.) Infinitives only have tense and voice. * infinitives and participles are not “moods” but they are normally identified in this column. Parts of Speech Relationship Conjunctions are little words that connect phrases to one another. Substance Motion Relationship Nouns Verbs Conjunctions Articles Adverbs Prepositions Adjectives Participles Pronouns Infinitives (I like Greek but it is hard.) These do not change form. Prepositions are anything you can do with a box. In the box. Under the box. Around the box. Through the box… Prepositions never change form. They do have one little obnoxious habit. Their meaning changes depending on the case of their object. 1 © Greek with Maury 2013 Noun Endings Masculine (2nd declension) oV ou w/ on Nominative subject Singular Genitive possession Dative in, with, to, by Accusative object oi wn oiV ouV Nominative subject Genitive Plural possession Dative in, with, to, by Accusative object Feminine (1st declension) logoV a logou of a word aV logw/ a/ to a word logon an word word logoi words logwn of words logoiV to words logouV words or or or or h hV h/ hn ai wn aiV aV Neuter (2nd declension) arch beginning archV of a beginning arch// to a beginning archn beginning arcai beginnings arcwn of beginnings arcaiV to beginnings arcaV beginnings ergon on ou w/ on work ergou of work ergw/ to work ergon work erga a wn oiV a works ergwn of works ergoiV to works erga works oJ tou: tw:/ tovn hJ th:V th:/ thvn tov tou: tw:/ tov Accusative “the” oiJ tw:n toi:V touvV aiJ tw:n tai:V tavV tav tw:n toi:V tav 1st Person 2nd Person Dative “to the” Accusative the Genitive “of the” Dative “to the” Gen Dat Acc Plural Nom Gen Dat Acc I ejgwv mou ejmou: my moi ejmoiv to me me ejmev me hJmei:V hJmw:n hJmi:n hJma:V Nom Singular Singular Nom we our to us us Gen Dat Acc Nom Plural Plural Plural Nominative “the” Gen Dat Acc of flesh sarki to flesh sarka flesh light fwtoV of light fwti to light fwV light fwta a wn sin a lights fwtwn of lights fwsin to lights fwta lights you suv sou sou: your soi soiv to you se sev you uJmei:V uJJmw:n uJJmi:n uJJma:V to you Gen Dat Acc oi{ w|n oi|V ou{V Nom Gen Dat Acc M (2) Nom Gen Dat Acc you your o{V ou| w/| o{n Nom F (1) who of whom to whom whom who of whom to whom whom h{ h|V h|/ h{n N (2) who of whom to whom whom ai{ who w|n of whom ai|V to whom a{V whom o} ou| w|/ o{ which of which to which which a{ which w|n of which oi|V to which a{ which 3rd Person Pronoun Singular “of the” sarkoV eV sarkeV fleshes wn sarkwn of fleshes sin tosarxin fleshes aV sarkaV fleshes fwV oV i - flesh M (2) Singular N (2) Plural F (1) Nom Plural Singular Singular M (2) Genitive sarx V oV i a Relative Pronoun The Article Nominative “the” Masc / Fem Neuter (3rd declension) (3rd declension) you Gen Dat Acc 2 aujtovV aujtou: aujtw:/ aujtovn he his to him him aujtoiv they aujtw:n of them aujtoi:V to them aujtouvV them F (1) aujthv aujth:V aujth::/ aujthvn N (2) she hers to her her aujtaiv they aujtw:n of them aujtai:V to them aujtavV them aujtov aujtou: aujtw:/ aujtov aujtav aujtw:n aujtoi:V aujtav it its to it it they of them to them them