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New OPEN entry Chapter 1: Chemistry (right) Standard 1 Atomic and Molecular Structure. The periodic table displays the elements in increasing atomic number and shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the elements relates to atomic structure. As a basis for understanding this concept students will master 5 standards a-e. 4 pictures/4 color min. 1 2 (for the rest of the page) 3 4 Chemistry Vocabulary CH. 4.1 On the left hand side, on the bottom HALF of p. 10, define the following words. (If you can answer WITHOUT using your book, you are pro status!) Nucleus Proton Neutron Electron Valence electron Orbital Molecule (105) Parts of an Atom MUST HAVE COLOR! On Ch. 1 cover page box number 1 The Nucleus Carbon Proton (+) EMPTY space ++ ++ ++ Neutron (neutral) Electron (-) Valence electrons Chemistry (what do you know?) This goes on top ½ of p. 10 in NB (above 4.1 vocab words) Write down anything you can think of or remember about these subjects. Chemical Bonding Atoms Chemistry Chemical Thermodynamics Periodic Table Chemistry Standard 1e e. Students know the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its mass. What is the definition of “atom”? Where is most of the mass of an atom located? Atoms make up EVERYTHING you have ever experienced! “Atom” comes from a Greek word meaning “unable to be divided”. Most of the mass is located in the NUCLEUS, other than that, atoms are mostly EMPTY space. If you compared the atom to a football stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a pea…. Balloons/empty space This is 106,000 people! Chemistry Standard 1e e. Students know the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its mass. What is the definition of “atom”? Where is most of the mass of an atom located? What are the main parts of an atom? “Atom” comes from a Greek word meaning “unable to be divided”. Most of the mass is located in the NUCLEUS, other than that, atoms are mostly EMPTY space. If you compared the atom to a football stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a pea…. Nucleus – the central part of the cell Protons (+) inside the nucleus Neutrons (neutral) inside the nucleus Electrons (-) fly around OUTSIDE the nucleus at tremendous speeds. Chemistry Standard 1e e. Students know the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its mass. What is the mass of a proton, electron and neutron? Which particle is Particle Charge the smallest? Proton +1 Neutron 0 Electron -1 DRAW this chart in your book. Under your notes. Location AnMass electron(kg) is 1,000 times smaller than a proton/neutron and weighs about 10,000 times -27 x 10 and neutrons In Nucleus less!1.67 Protons are the same size. 1.67 x were 10-27 the size In Nucleus If a proton and mass of a bowling ball,9.11 thenxthe electronMoving would be compared to the 10-31 around outside size of…. well….. the of period on the end of this Nucleus sentence. Chemistry Standard 1e e. Students know the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its mass. Can the subatomic particles change? ONLY the electrons and neutrons. An Isotope is an element that has a different number of NEUTRONS. What is an isotope? What is an ion? An ION is an element that has had a change in the number of ELECTRONS Positive ions are called CATions. Negative ions are called ANions Can the number of p+ change? NO, if you change the proton you change the element into a different element! Periodic Table / Atoms (cont) How do electrons move around the nucleus? Electrons are located in “shells” Think of a spinning fan… Only a certain number of e- can occupy certain shells… Draw and label the different electron shells When scientists view e-, they see a blurry cloud instead of a single electron. Think of a roller coaster… Only a certain number of people can sit in the seats. If the seats fill up what happens? The e- on the outer “shell” are called the VALENCE ELECTRONS “valence” means = outside The VALENCE e-are the e- that bond with other atoms to form molecules. The atom has different energy levels (draw this The Atom under your notes must color!) 32 32 8 2 18 Nucleus Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 2 Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 3 2 Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 8 2 Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 8 2 12 Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 8 5 2 18 Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 8 8 32 2 18 Pop quiz hot shot! Valence electrons How many valence electrons are there? (Pop sticks) 8 2 2 What happens aselectrons more electrons are added and the Valence “shell/cloud” fills up? 8 10 2 18 Periodic Table / Atoms (cont) How do we tell atoms apart? Based on their properties, we can tell a lot about an atom. Atoms have a “fingerprint” They show a certain “spectra”; the light that they give off. They also give off a certain color when burned. Atoms are arranged in the periodic table based on the number of PROTONS an atom has in its nucleus (atomic #). Each atom/element has its own “element card” with specific info about that atom. The number of protons and atom has will NEVER change! It tells us… Periodic Table / Atoms What info does The main families of elements the Periodic The sub-families of elements = ATOMIC NUMBER (the Which Table give us? of protons number an elements have the same properties atom has.) It also tells us specific info about each atom.. Each “element card” tells me about the element. The number of protons (atomic number) The number of electrons (unless it is an ion). = ATOMIC SYMBOL The number of protons and electrons will be the SAME, because every atom wants to have a charge of zero, or neutral. Tells me the atomic mass (p + n). I can figure out the number of neutrons or protons by subtracting it from the atomic mass (the bigger number) = (AVERAGE) ATOMIC MASS number of AND DRAW THIS(The ELEMENT SQUARE LABEL IT ON THE LEFT SIDE in your notes protons AND neutrons in the nucleus added ADD COLOR! Should take up ¼ of your together.) page. Periodic Table / Atoms Every element wants to be balanced! A balanced element will have the same number of protons (+) AND electrons (-) All elements in the periodic table are balanced! Unless otherwise stated. For the following element cards, give me the name of the element, the number of protons (atomic number), electrons, neutrons and tell me its total atomic mass. Unless its an ion, why will the electrons (-) equal the number of protons (+)? A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table a. Students know how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its atomic number and atomic mass. b. Students know how to use the periodic table to identify metals, semimetals, non-metals, and halogens. c. Students know how to use the periodic table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals, trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the relative sizes of ions and atoms. This is a new section. (write this on the right hand side!) You will get a blank periodic table on which you will color and write notes. Then it will be TAPED into your notebook. DO NOT LOSE THE COLORING! HIGHLIGHT/UNDERLINE THE STANDARDS! Periodic Table Coloring Follow directions EXACTLY! Don’t Work AHEAD! Write the notes with your legend/key on the BACK of your paper (write small, you will need the room) Label everything! Copy the coloring exactly (outlining, coloring, labeling…everything!) WRITE SMALL!!!! The Write Periodic Table these on your chart! G18 P1 G13 G1 G15 G14 G2 G17 G16 P2 P3 G10 G12 G11 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 P4 P5 P6 P7 (Ve1) (Ve2) (Ve6) (Ve8) (Ve5) (Ve7) (Ve4) (Ve3) The Periodic Table (on right hand side!) Elements that follow the same patterns from left to right are organized in horizontal rows or periods. There are a total of 7 periods. Each period also represents how many ELECTRON SHELLS that period has… Elements that contain the same PROPERTIES fall into groups. There are 18 groups of elements. Think of them as friends that like to hang out… Lanthanide/Actinide (inner transition metals) are taken out so it is neater. The Periodic Tabl If the Lanthanide/Actinide series (inner transition metals) were included in the table, it would be too wide. So we take them out and put them on the bottom The Periodic Table Metals (outline in red) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = Metals are the largest group. FAMILY REUNION! About 85 % of all known elements are metals. Classified as metals because they are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable. That means that they can be bent and shaped without breaking. Within the metal family we have 6 main sub families of elements. The Periodic Table ALKALI METALS (pink) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = Group 1 = Alkali metals. When you burn alkali metals and mix their ashes with water it became slippery. Alkali is an Arabic word that means slippery. They make many soaps out of alkali metals. They also make “alkaline” batteries out of group 1 elements because they readily lose their electrons. And 3 things from video 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table ALKALINE EARTH METALS (dark blue, NOT PURPLE!) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = Group 2 = Alkaline EARTH metals. The second group is called the Alkaline earth metals. Alkali earth metals share common characteristics when placed in water with alkali metals, they become somewhat slippery, but they cannot burn. Have you ever tried to light dirt on fire? It doesn’t work. And 3 things from video 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table TRANSITION METALS (red) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = Transition metals are the largest subfamily of elements. They tend to be harder than the alkali metals and are used a lot for structural purposes. Sheet rock, iron, cement etc… And 3 things from video 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table Lanthanide (white), actinide METALS (gray) (INNER TRANSITION) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The inner transition elements (Lanthanide and Actinide) are taken out of the graph and placed by themselves. They are all rare earth metals meaning they occur very rarely or were created in laboratories. And 3 things from video (actinide) 1. 2. 3. And 3 things from video (lanthanide) 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table Other Metals (light blue) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The 7 “other metals” do not have the same properties as the transition metals. They are solid, have a relatively high density and are opaque (kind of see through). And 3 things from video 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table NON-METALS (outline in green) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The next big family is called the Non metals. Nonmetals a poor conductors of electricity and heat and may also be transparent, meaning you can see through them. Non metals have 3 sub families: the noble gases, halogens, and the “other non-metals”. Hydrogen The Periodic Table (yellow) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) (yellow)= Hydrogen is the “lone ranger element”. Technically a “non-metal” but is placed by itself. Most abundant element in the universe. Three things from video… 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table NOBLE GASES (purple) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The noble gases have a full outer energy level so they don’t want to bond with ANYONE. They got their name from the earlier centuries where the “noble” people would not associate with the peasants or lower people. So the noble gases do not want to associate with the lower class elements. They are snobs! Three things from video… 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table HALOGENS (Brown) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The Halogens are “salt-forming” elements. When mixed with other elements they tend to form salts. Like our spectra lab had NaCl (sodium chloride, chlorine is a halogen and it bonds ionically to form a “salt”) Three things from video… 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table OTHER NON-METALS (green) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The other non-metals have no metallic luster (not shiny) and do not reflect light, also poor conductors of heat and electricity. They exist as either a solid or a gas. Three things from video… 1. 2. 3. The Periodic Table METALLOIDS / semiconductors (orange) The periodic Table (on the back of the paper! Write small, this is your legend/key) = The metalloids (also called semiconductors) share properties of both metals and non-metals, thus they are right in between them. Semi-conductors are used a lot in computers/calculators/electronics. The “silicon” valley. Three things from video… 1. 2. 3. A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table 1. 2. 3. OBJECTIVES! How do you find an elements # of valence electrons? Describe Ionization energy Describe what happens to the size of an atom as you go across the periodic table and up or down the periodic table. The Periodic Table Elements that follow the same patterns from left to right are organized in horizontal rows or periods. There are a total of 7 periods. Elements that contain the same PROPERTIES fall into groups. There are 18 groups of elements. In this case, as you travel from left to right the ionization energy increases. Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to pull an electron away from the outer shell or VALENCE electrons. IONIZATION ENERGY INCREASES The Periodic Table 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 As wecan How move we from easilyleft figure to right the on the periodic table it gets valence electrons? HARDER to pull away electrons. The energy needed to pull away electrons is called IONIZATION ENERGY. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 Relative sizes of atoms in the Periodic Table… The Size of Atoms Right = smaller Down = Larger A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table 1. 2. 3. OBJECTIVES! Describe an isotope. Describe the difference between cations and anions and how they became that way. Describe the Octet Rule The Atom Ions and Isotopes Nitrogen An isotope is an element with a different number of NEUTRONS. YOU CANNOT ADD OR TAKE AWAY PROTONS An ION is an element with a charge, like a magnet. It loses or gains electrons to become positive or negatively charged. gain e- = negative (ANIONS) lose e- = positive (CATIONS) IONS! WRITE THIS SMALL! 1+,C 0 4+/4-2-=A 3+=C 3-=A 1-=A 2+=C Valence electrons come from the groups that each element is in. Atoms form IONS when they lose or gain electrons. POSTIVE ions are CATIONS NEGATIVE ions are anions. 4+ or 4- =polyatomic ion 2+ + + If I have 2 protons (+) and no electrons, what is my “charge”? Think of it like a magnet, if I have MORE positives, do I have a positive or negative charge overall? 0 2- -- How many electrons (-) would I need to BALANCE or have a charge of zero? ------ + + + + What is my overall charge? Did I ever change the +’s? NO! POSITIVES (PROTONS) CAN’T CHANGE! YOU JUST CREATED AN ION!! Lithium + + + Here I have 3 protons, which element is this? Can the number of protons change? Charge = 0 +1 -- So, lithiumelectrons has one (-), extra friend, Howifmany does lithium how many friends does it want to get have? rid of? Is it balanced? What is its OVERALL So if I get rid of one friend, what is my “charge”? OVERALL charge? How many electrons are in Lithium’s FIRST shell? How many VALANCE electrons does lithium have? + + + -Charge= + 0 1 IONS! What is the Octet rule? “oct” means eight, how many things can you think of that have the word “oct” in them that mean 8? Every element wants to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, thus being full. When elements bond, they bond until they have eight electrons to become full. For example, water (H2O) Why would helium be an exception? Beryllium (Be) If every atom wants to be full, would Be rather gain or lose electrons? Beryllium’s charge is? If I take away electrons, what + + does its charge + + become? 2+ So it becomes - - Be 2+ - - Sodium (Na) Sodium’s charge is? If I take away electrons, what does its charge become? 1+ So it becomes Na 1+ - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - Oxygen (O) Oxygen’s charge is? If I ADD electrons, what does its charge become? 2So it becomes O 2- - - - + + + + + + + + - IONS! What are the different types of ions? Elements lose or gain electrons to become ions CATions are POSITIVE (+) ions ANions are NEGATIVE (-) ions How do you remember that? I lost my CAT but it was a POSITIVE thing because I got a dog. I lost (electrons) my CAT (CATion) but it was a POSITIVE (CATions are positively charged) thing, because I got a dog. METALS tend to become + and NONMETALS tend to become - Special Assignment On (FULL) sheet of paper, you are going to create for me a comic strip. It must have 6 scenes, showing how you lost your cat. It must have 3 aspects 1. Title 2. Color 3. Paragraph explaining how your cartoon relates or explains how atoms LOST electrons to become CATions. Title: Go to Chemical Bond power point… Chemistry Standard 1e a. Students know how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its atomic number and atomic mass. b. Students know how to use the periodic table to identify metals, semimetals, non-metals, and halogens. c. Students know how to use the periodic table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals, trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the relative sizes of ions and atoms. d. Students know how to use the periodic table to determine the number of electrons available for bonding. e. Students know the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its mass.