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Transcript
Religious Crusades • Crusades= series of military campaigns to establish Christian control of the Holy Land • Over the next few centuries wave after wave of peasants, soldiers, and kings would travel from Europe to the Middle East Call for a Crusade • In the early 1000s Fatimid Arabs started destroying churches and killing Christians • Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help • The Pope’s call – 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade to feel Holy Land – Defend Constantinople and liberate Jerusalem • The Crusader’s Creed – The word crusade comes from the Latin word “crux”(cross) – Crusaders sewed a cross on their clothing • Faced robbers, hunger, and disease before even encountering the enemy – Knights sold estates and borrowed money to pay for the long and dangerous trip – Knights hope to gain land, wealth, honor, popularity by joining the Crusades. • The First Crusade – 150,000 people hurried to join • Ragged mob of peasants • Not prepared for the long journey ahead – The First Crusade was a military success – By 1099 the crusaders had captured Jerusalem Second and Third Crusades • Second Crusade – King Louis VII of France and the German emperor organized the Second Crusade – Second Crusade failed • Leaders argued • Crusaders were unable to gain respect because they treated local people poorly – After the Second Crusade the Muslim leader Saladin grew stronger • 1187 Saladin captured Jerusalem • “Crusade of the King” – Third Crusade began in 1189 organized by the rulers of England, France, and Germany – Richard I of England “Lionheart” became leader of this crusade • Won important victories and developed a courteous relationship with Saladin – Saladin and Richard signed a truce that ended the Third Crusade • Christian pilgrims were free to travel • Jerusalem remained in Muslim hands Fourth and Later Crusades • Looting Constantinople – 1204 crusaders stormed Constantinople – Smashed Christian icons, stole relics, and attacked women – The Byzantines never forgave the Catholics • Later Crusades – 1212 the Children’s Crusade – 1291 Egyptian Muslims defeated the last crusaders • The Muslim view – Muslims were caught off guard by the First Crusade – He Muslim world was too divided politically to organize a strong defense – Muslims described their own campaigns in religious terms, as a holy war Religious Persecutions • Attacks on Jewish communities – Jewish groups were the targets of attacks in Europe – Some Europeans already considered Jews to be enemies of Christianity – Turned violence against Jews who would not convert to Christianity – Terrorized and slaughter Jewish communities along routes to the Middle East • Crusades against heretics – Heresy= a belief that is rejected by official church teaching – Heretics were excommunicated • The Inquisition – 1200s Pope Gregory IX organized the Inquisition= a series of investigations designed to find a judge heretics – Heretics were punished in various ways • • • • • Fasting Whipping Fines Imprisonment Execution Effects of the Crusades • Failed to force the Muslims out of the Holy Land • A wider world – Europeans had traveled to lands they had never been exposed to • Trade with the East – Brought trade and wealth to European port cities – Built demand for foreign goods • Cultural exchange – Hygienic practices were shared – Scientific knowledge expanded