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Rome Timeline • • • • Rome starts on the Italian Peninsula Latium city-states unite Adopt Greek and Etruscan ideas • • • Rome expands conquering all across Europe and into The Middle East. The Pax Romana (peace of Rome) – a 200 year Golden Age in the Empire Powerful rulers take control of the Empire Many cultures part of the Empire Rome Founded 800 B.C.E. • • • • 700 B.C.E. 600 B.C.E. 500 B.C.E. • • • • Roman Republic 400 B.C.E. 300 B.C.E. 200 B.C.E. Senate is formed (Elected Leaders that make decisions) The upper and lower classes struggle for power Rome battles with Carthage Rome conquers the Italian Peninsula and France Western Empire Capital city: Rome Roman Catholic Religion Corrupt Leaders Lacked the power to control the Empire W.R.E. Roman Empire 100 B.C.E. • • • • 1 C.E. 100 C.E. 200 C.E. E.R.E. 300 C.E. Eastern (Byzantine) Empire Capital city: Constantinople Eastern Orthodox Religion Unity Promoted the arts and thought 400 C.E. 500 C.E. Roman Research Topics 2014-2015 Roman Research Paper Great Roman Men Notable Women Culture Roman War Roman Law Gaius Gracchus • Younger brother of a reformer • A powerful and convincing Speaker • Promoted rights of the lower class • Protection for small landowners • Elected to the position of Tribune multiple times Return to Title Great Roman Men Julius Caesar • A Roman General • A powerful ruler in Ancient Rome • First dictator of Rome • Invaded Gaul Return to Title Great Roman Men Caesar Augustus • The first official emperor of Rome • Named the months of July and August after (Julius and himself) • Created order in the Empire of Rome Return to Title Great Roman Men Constantine • Ruled 300 years after the formation of the Empire • Legalized Christianity and made it the official religion of the empire • Moved the capital to the East and renamed the city, Istanbul, to Constantinople Return to Title Great Roman Men Nero • Controversial Rise to power • Had to kill several rivals for rule • Killed his mother to gain more power • Eccentric Empire of Rome • During his reign the city of Rome partially burned down Return to Title Great Roman Men Livy • A Roman Historian • Wrote many Roman legends and historical events • His largest work, The History of Rome, has survived until today Return to Title Great Roman Men Cicero • A philosopher, politician, and consul • He greatly effected the early Roman Empire • Influenced the usage of the Latin language Return to Title Great Roman Men Spartacus • An escaped slave • Former Gladiator • Led several rebellions throughout Rome Return to Title Great Roman Men Hadrian • Emperor that helped grow the Roman Emperor to its largest size • Formed definite boundaries that lasted for many years • Hadrian’s wall is still a landmark today Return to Title Great Roman Men Marcus Aurelius • A philosopher and Emperor • Believed in Stoicism emphasizing reasoning and self-restraint • Defended the eastern lands of the empire from invasion Return to Title Great Roman Men Aurelia Cotta • Daughter of an upper class family • Lived among the people • Mother of Julius Caesar • Viewed as an intelligent and independent Return to Title Notable Women Cleopatra • The last “pharaoh” of Ancient Egypt • She ruled part of Alexander the Great’s empire after he fell • Cleopatra was a powerful ruler that dealt with the Roman leaders of Mark Anthony and Julius Caesar Return to Title Notable Women Livia Drusilla • The wife of the first Emperor, Augustus • Her son ruled after Augustus died • Livia’s story has been told often and is remember for her great attributes today Return to Title Notable Women Agrippina the Elder • The wife of a great general and related to the line of emperors • She is seen at the Matriarch of Rome • Remembered for her morals and support of the Empire Return to Title Notable Women Hortensia • A powerful speaker (orator) and leader in Ancient Rome • Led a group of women to change Roman Law • Her speeches are remembered for their imapct Return to Title Notable Women Fulvia • A politically active woman. • Married three different men in power • Used her marriages for influence Return to Title Notable Women Cornelia Africana • A very powerful women • Lived during the Punic Wars • Seen as a very interesting mother • Remembered as a virtuous woman Return to Title Notable Women Servilia Caepionis • Raised by her uncle after her parents died • Entered a relationship with Julius Caesar • The relationship influenced the actions of Roman Leaders • Many question whether or not she was involved in Caesar’s death Return to Title Notable Women Valeria Messalina • Valeria was the cousin of 2 emperors • She married Claudius and became empress • Claudius listened to Valeria and executed many people for her • Claudius became jealous of Valeria’s other relationships and killed the other men Return to Title Notable Women The Legal And Social Position of roman Women • What power did women have in ancient Rome? • How were they limited? • Is this similar to the Ancient Greeks? • What about modern day? Return to Title Notable Women Styles of Dress • Roman cloth suited the occasion • The lower-class dress • The upper-class dress • When togas were worn Return to Title Culture Roman Education • What would the average school day look like for an individual? • Could everyone attend school? • What did educated people do when they grew up? Return to Title Culture Christianity in Rome • People who followed the belief of Christianity were treated differently thorough the years. • Sometimes they were hurt and killed while at other times they were honored. • How and why did this change? • How did they behave in Rome? Return to Title Culture Trade and Travel • Ideas often travelled quickly throughout the Roman Empire. • How did the rulers see to successful trade and travel in Roman society? • What were the advantage and disadvantages of living in the Empire? Return to Title Culture Roman Baths • As we know water was a problem in Ancient Rome. • Once the Romans solved this issue, they created large bath houses. • What social influences did these bath houses have on Roman life? Return to Title Culture Roman Religious Sects • The Romans followed a polytheistic religion • Some honored very specific gods • How did they live? • What kind of ceremonies did they have? Return to Title Culture Roman Food • The poor and wealthy ate very different types of food. • What type of experience was connected to this eating? • What kind of food did they eat? • How did they prepare this food? Return to Title Culture Life as an Augur • A person who practices Augury • A priest in Ancient Rome • Studied the will of the gods and interpreted signs Return to Title Culture Life as a Gladiator • A person who would fight in arenas for entertainment • Most were slaves trained for the fighting • Gladiators would fight against each other, animals, and reenact battles Return to Title Culture Life as a Teen • Men and Women had different experiences as teenagers • Coming of Age Ceremonies/Expectations • Teenagers would often get married Return to Title Culture Marriage Ceremonies • Marriages were public ceremonies • Many rituals and fashion to emphasize the importance • The man and women would become a new family and have a new life Return to Title Culture Triumphs and Festivals • Most festivals honored the gods • Many ceremonies were celebrations of major events • Coronation, Military, and Religious Practices were often remembered with monuments Return to Title Culture Roman Engineering • Romans created many architectural marvels through improvements • Rome is known for aqueducts, concrete, sewers, etc. • Much of Roman life would not be possible without these Return to Title Culture Pompeii and its Artifacts • A very popular trading city • Roman city next to Mt. Vesuvius • Effected by the Eruption of the Volcano • Many objects and artifacts are preserved today because of the Eruption Return to Title Culture Roman Inventions • Roman ideas still influence our society today. Some are listed below: • The calendar used today is from Rome • Arches and other Architectural structures are used • A network of Roads and Highways for trade Return to Title Culture Roman Building • Many modern day cultures copy the Roman style • Artistry and statues are still well remembered • Columns, Arches, Geometric Shapes, and Domes are all still used Return to Title Culture Punic Wars • Wars between Rome and Carthage • Hannibal led his men through the Alps to fight against Rome • May battles were fought on the Italian Pennisula Return to Title Roman War Macedonian Wars • Wars fought with the remains of Alexander the Great’s empire • Bitter wars with strong armies on either side of the battle Return to Title Roman War Wars against the Barbarians • Modern Day Germany • Tribes fought savagely • The Romans had to deal with many small bands of raiders Return to Title Roman War Masada • A fortification in what is now modern day Israel • When the Roman Empire took control in this area, the local people refused to give up this fort Return to Title Roman War Roman-Persian Wars • The remains of the Persian Empire • Very different culture than the Romans • These wars was the limit of Roman expansion into Asia Return to Title Roman War Civil War • Near the end of the Republic, there was a significant power struggle • Several people wanted more control over Rome • At the end of the war, there was a definite victor and new ruler in Rome Return to Title Roman War Wars in Gaul • Modern day France • Julius Caesar led the conquest of this people group • Very decisive military battles Return to Title Roman War Fall of the Roman Empire • Historians have theorized many reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire • Some say it was mismanaged, disease, war, or too large • There are also many other minor theories Return to Title Roman War Praetorian Guard • An elite unit to defend the emperor • The first police force in the Roman Empire Return to Title Roman War Weapons and Armor • Romans troops and training were used to maximize battle strength • Foot soldiers would commonly use a sword Return to Title Roman War Battle Tactics • The Roman Army was very organized • They perfected a system to conquer many cultures and peoples • They used teamwork and strategy to overwhelm enemy forces Return to Title Roman War The Creation and Development of the Senate • The people had a voice in government • Senators were elected and served for a short time • The Upper Classes were well represented Return to Title Roman Law Equality among Patricians and Plebeians • These two classes led very different life styles • Describe life as Patricians and Plebeians in Early Rome • Describe how they created a balance which led to a stronger society Return to Title Roman Law The Twelve Tables Impact • This was the first time the laws were made available for each citizen • Many different laws for different areas of life • The people were able to use the laws to help them Return to Title Roman Law Differences between the Roman Republic and Empire • Roman Republic – Senate with elected leaders who made the decisions in the society • Empire – A single ruler that made the decisions in the society • This changed the structure of government and society Return to Title Roman Law Laws of the Western Roman Empire • Strong rulers led in many different ways • Used the Roman Catholic Religion to keep the people under control • This led to a period of instability in the Empire Return to Title Roman Law Laws of the Eastern Roman Empire • Strong tradition among the leaders • Strong central focus including the Eastern Orthodox Religion • Lasted for over 1,000 years Return to Title Roman Law The Impact of Rome on the American Government • Rome has influenced America in many ways over the years • Elections and representation of the people • Laws and statutes are based on the ideas found in The Twelve Tables and The Late Empire Periods Return to Title Roman Law