Download test 1 2003

2003
Name_______________________
EVOLUTION --- EEB 460
Midterm # 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Circle the best answer (50 pts. total)
1) The polymorphism observed at an Esterase locus in the Gila Mountain Sucker is an apparent example of
A) frequency dependent selection.
B) density dependent selection.
C) spatial differences in selection.
D) genetic drift.
2) Charles Darwin was most impressed by the fact that organisms on islands were
A) most similar to their relatives in the geographically closest mainland habitat.
B) well adapted to their environments.
C) generally smaller than mainland forms.
D) generally more diverse than mainland forms.
3) Charles Darwin was stimulated by Thomas Malthus' idea of
A) social evolution
B) laissez faire economics
C) the universality of variation
D) the reproductive potential of organisms
4) The idea that geological processes that we observe in the present can explain what happened in the past is
known as:
A) Progressionism
B) Uniformitarianism
C) Catastrophism
D) Environmentalism
5) Lamarck did not believe in which of the following ideas:
A) Spontaneous generation
B) Inheritance of acquired characteristics
C) Scala natura is fixed and unchanging
D) Use/disuse of an organ passed on to offspring
6) Which of the following is NOT important to the breakdown of the classical anti-evolutionary theory:
A) the rise of empiricism
B) the rise of scholasticism
C) interest in taxonomy
D) understanding of the nature of fossils
7) The importance of Charles Darwin=s The Origin of Species is that this was the first:
A) proposal of evolution
B) argument for the antiquity of the earth
C) description of a plausible mechanism for evolution
D) argument that environments can shape organisms
8) In the early 1900's, the incorporation of genetics into Darwinian evolutionary theory was hampered by
which of the following:
A) emphasis on discrete traits
B) emphasis on mutations
C) emphasis on population thinking
D) lack of understanding of the particulate nature of inheritance
E) both A and B
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9) Darwin used all of the following lines of evidence in The Origin of Species, EXCEPT:
A) the particulate mechanism of inheritance
B) modifications of domestic breeds
C) geographical distributions of organisms
D) comparative embryology
10) It is widely accepted that the occurrence of beneficial mutations in a population is at a frequency
A) higher than that of detrimental mutations
B) higher than that of neutral mutations
C) equal to that of neutral mutations
D) lower than that of neutral or deleterious mutations
E) both A and B
11) For a mutation to be considered Adirected@ the production of mutations favorable in the new environment
must be:
A) equal to that of other mutations
B) lower than that of other mutations
C) higher than that of other mutations
D) explained by appeal to a Ahigher power@
12) Which of the following is most likely to lead to a decrease in genetic diversity:
A) random mating
B) directional selection
C) outcrossing (i.e. mating with non-kin)
D) heterozygote advantage
13) For the malaria example described in class, we learned that in order to maintain polymorphisms in the
population, 10% of the population dies from either malaria or sickle cell anemia. This is an example of:
A) Directional selection
B) Genetic load
C) Disruptive selection
D) Deleterious mutations
14) Predators have been shown to prey selectively on prey individuals with a common phenotype, and to shift
their preference when that phenotype becomes rare. This is an example of
A) frequency dependent selection.
B) density dependent selection.
C) spatial differences in selection.
D) genetic drift.
15) Results of the Human Genome Project suggest that the human genome contains how many functional
(protein-coding) genes?
A) 5,000
B) 10,000
C) 40,000
D) 100,000
16) Fitness is NOT:
A) a fixed property of alleles
B) a relative concept
C) specific to an environmental context
D) applied to a class of individuals
17) Thomas Jefferson (the principle author of the Declaration of Independence) thought that fossils of
mastodons, giant ground sloths, and other Pleistocene creatures were
A) the remains of species alive but undiscovered
B) geologically modified remains of known animals
C) evidence of a great flood
D) a very good reason not to pursue Western expansion
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18) Which one of the following is a tenet of AClassical school@ of thought on the genetic composition of
populations?
A) There is so much variation there can be no Awild type@
B) Most mutations are deleterious
C) Selection acts to preserve variation in a population
D) All of the above
19) Which of the following is a likely outcome of migration?
A) decrease in genetic diversity
B) divergence of populations
C) increase in homozygosity
D) homogenization of populations
E) B and C.
20) A person who believes that living forms are fundamentally different from non-living matter is a:
A) mechanist
B) vitalist
C) atheist
D) materialist
21) The use of Populus models
A) demonstrates the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
B) demonstrates the presence of large amounts of genetic variation in natural populations
C) verifies the mutational driven nature of evolution
D) proves the prodigality of nature
22) The central concept of the Neutral Theory is that:
A) most genetic diversity has no fitness consequence
B) epistasis acts to maintain genetic diversity
C) dominance effects act to maintain genetic diversity
D) beneficial and detrimental mutations occur in equal frequency
23) The effect(s) of the environment on the variation seen in phenotypes include
A) influencing the heritability of the phenotype
B) influencing the phenotype's response to selection
C) allowing continuous phenotypic variance from a discrete genetic basis
D) all of the above
24) The following are predictions of the Neutral Theory EXCEPT:
A) large populations should have greater genetic diversity
B) most phenotypic traits will have no effect on fitness
C) regular rates of genetic divergence should occur after population division
D) most codon changes will be at the third position
25) Genetic load is:
A) a measure of genome size
B) a measure of genetic diversity
C) a measure of selective advantage in variable environments
D) a measure of the selective deaths necessary to preserve genetic variation
MATCH the following terms with their appropriate definition (5pts):
_____ phenotype
A) the genetic constitution of an individual
_____ pleiotropy
B) presence in the population of two or more genotypes for a given trait
_____ genotype C) where a single gene has phenotypic effects on more than one trait
_____ polymorphism D) actual appearance of an individual
_____ polygenic
E) two or more genes (loci) interact to affect a phenotypic trait
inheritance
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MATCH the people with their contribution or relevance to evolutionary biology (5 pts)
_____ August Weismann
_____ T.H. Morgan
_____ Hugo DeVries
_____ Gregor Mendel
_____ Malthus
A) experimental evidence for the particulate nature of heredity
B) proponent of the mutational theory of evolution
C) foundational genetic work using Drosophila
D) author of The Principles of Population
E) conceptual basis of the differences between germplasm and somatoplasm
SHORT ANSWER. Answer in the space provided
If the conditions specified by the Hardy-Weinberg model are rarely met by real populations in nature, what
is the possible value of this model? (5 pts)
Given the following observed and expected (under Hardy Weinberg equilibrium conditions) single locus
genotype frequencies, briefly describe what might be going on in this hypothetical population (5 pts.):
AA
AB
BB
observed
.6
.05
.35
expected
.5
.4
.1
Using the codes W11 and W22 for the fitnesses of homozygotes and W12 for the fitness of heterozygotes, specify
the conditions for balancing selection or heterosis. (2 pts). Using the same codes, specify conditions for
directional selection with co-dominant alleles (2 pts)
Imagine that you are running a Populus-type simulation with the following fitness relationships:
WAA < WAB < WBB. What are your expectations for the frequency of the AB@ allele over time?
What might you introduce to the model to increase the chances of getting a different outcome than the one you
expect?(Justify your response). (5 pts)
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Precisely identify each term in the equation h2 = VG / VP. (3 pts)
Does the above equation define an individual, population, or species concept? (2 pts)
Individuals in a population might differ from one another in some discernable character while the population
contains no genetic polymorphism for that variation. How can this be? (2 pts)
If relative fitness relationships remain the same between genotypes at a locus, directional selection will lead to
the loss of genetic variation. List 4 ways (or reasons why) relative fitness relationships will not remain constant
(4 pts).
Define each term in the equation: CA < BR x rAR . Describe the significance of the relationships
defined by this equation? (5 pts)
What is meant by the "Modern Synthesis"? What was synthesized? Briefly, how did evolutionary thought
after the modern synthesis differ from evolutionary thought immediately before the modern synthesis? (5 pts.)
There have been 6 kings of England named George. George III was king when Charles Darwin was born.
What was the name of the last of these English kings? (0 pt)