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Transcript
History and Approaches Keogh 2016 Do not be Confused! (do not Write) • philosophy • Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral selfdiscipline • physiology • The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts • psychiatry • The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders. • Anthropology • Study of cultures, behavior, society often focused on unique or past cultures. • Sociology • Study of large groups of people of institutions or segment of society • Psychology • Study of the soul Then again, be confused • • • • What is Psychology? No Idea! Yet, Peter Gray has some takes on it that are interesting: A. P is a set of questions B. P is a set of (often competing) theories for answering the questions C. P is an evolutionary phenomena However, for the sticklers, it is considered the scientific study of the mind and behavior of humans (whatever that means) Difference is really about evidence, how it is collected, presented, etc. Earliest roots of Psy? • Possibly trephining? • Earliest experiment? • Stanley Finger (neurologists) estimates about a 65% survival rate • One archeology site in France had 120 skulls, 40 with holes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Sx8GJ-Teec Challenges of Psychology 1. The brain (no offense) Challenges of Psy 2. Self-awareness The tendency to interpret peoples behavior through our own behavior-introspection—BAD! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Dp2Zqk8vHw Challenges to psy • 3. Reactivity • 4. Causality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnKLpO9qhOE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA 5. Zeitgeist Socrates and Plato Vs.S&PAristotle • Systematic theory • Logic from a rational thinking viewpoint • Believed the mind and body separate--Dualists • Born with ability--Nature Aristotle • Focused more on human interaction with the environment. • Mind and body connected Monist • People shaped by-Nurture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aNaMlSc3Ag Rene Descartes • Thoughts separate man form animals, but two types: • Derived (from experience) • Innate (from mind/soul) • • • • Result: Nature Vs Nurture Both Dualists and Monist Idea for thought process— Receive stimuli from the environment, information is transmitted via the nervous system (animal sprits) to the pituitary gland, mind/soul that directs body what to do. Empiricism • Francis Bacon-• Thomas Hobbes—Leviathan Materialism—soul is meaningless • John Locke--Tabula Rasa • Empiricism: all human thought derived through sensory experience— Nurture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1_24 Now hang on—you better work as well • So get a book in the back, look up and take notes on the following: • Darwin pages 9-10 • Phineas Gage page 80 • Paul Broca page 81. Charles Darwin-- On the Origins of Species (1859 Charles Darwin-- On the Origins of Species (1859 ). Set of theories • • • • • • Species change over time This change is gradual Species have common decent Natural selection: 1. changes occurred from one generation to the next—mutation of the genes and 2. changes—which he termed evolution—help the new individual(s) to survive. More than anyone—showed that humans are a part of nature and can be understood through scientific study. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odsuv8x67dk 19th Century influences • Paul Broca (1861) and Tan: • Speech and localization of function • No speaking and yet singing?? • Phineas Gage (1848) • Nice—not nice (frontal lobes) • The tamping iron hanging in the Warren Museum bears an inscription reading, "This is the bar that was shot through the head of Mr. Phineas P. Gage at Cavendish Vermont Sept. 14th, 1848. He fully recovered from the injury, and deposited this bar in the museum of the medical college of Harvard University." The big 3 ¼ William Wundt (1832-1920) Structuralism (Mind and levels) Experimental lab 1879 First textbook First experiment .2 vs.29 Edward Tichner 1892 Cornell University Introduced structuralism to the US Introspection—bad William James 1890—Functionalism (looks at end product—what can you do/why can you do it) Weird/interesting guy not very experimental Mary Calkins-first female PhD/Denied Phd from Harvard Gestalt: “unifying whole” organizing shapes Phi Phenomena Dorothy Dix (1802-87): school teacher/mental institutions /outcry Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Described adolescence. Strum and Drang. First president of APA Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • “What the ____ difference does that make when you’ve work to do in a laboratory? Next time there is a revolution, get up earlier.” • Classical conditioning. John B. Watson (1849-1936): • “Give me a dozen healthy infants, wellformed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” (1930) • Father of Behaviorism • Little Albert B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • “If you're old, don't try to change yourself, change your environment.” • Radical behaviorist • Shaping behavior • Reductionist Now a little work • You must come up with definitions for each of the schools of thought—not really detailed but enough for you to get a basic understanding—please use to book to do this. • Behaviorism—you do not need to look up—just figure out in groups or page 7. • Psychoanalytic—596-598 • Humanism—609-610 • Cognitive—7 • Bio-psychology, Evolutionary, Social and cultural--11 Behaviorism • 1920s-today • Focus is the environment • Key idea is association— how a stimuli and response get linked https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiXNs50ZXTk Psychoanalysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63JjP0qH9xQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk WikN3fl7g • 1900s-today • Mental struggle in the unconscious— Freud • Iceberg analogy 1/7 conscious and 6/7 unconscious (secret wishes/desires/repressed memories…etc.) • Libido (internal energy), Id (pleasure principle/I want), Ego (reality principle…checks the id), Superego (moral compass/right/wrong) • Why do you forget? • Most practitioners are psychiatrists (have a medical degree!) Humanism • 1960s-today • Response to and rejection of behaviorism • Central idea that everyone has actualizing tendencies—set of inborn drives that enable us to go beyond basic needs • People (teachers parents, etc.) inhibit self-actualization—resulting in negative self-views: the goal is to overcome negativity • The individual is responsible for getting better https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPu9RhMIQdg Cognitive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSgiVutQ2JQ Cognitive perspective • School of thought that dominated in the 196070s. Reaction against behaviorism. • Focus is on the mind. • How does one acquire/encode, organize, store and retrieve/use knowledge. • Or ‘the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired. • Assumption is that there can be different model for how we do things: includes perception, memory, language, and attention • Why do you forget? Bio-psychology • Always been around • Understanding the biological mechanisms that control behavior • Mainly looks at chemical reaction in the brain, neurological impact, etc. • Also use reductionist approach • Animal research, MRIs, PET, CAT etc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVt32qoyhi 0 1. You are on a boat that overturns. It contains your 5 year old and 1 year old (of the same sex). The boat sinks and you can only save one. Whom do you save? Pick one. 2. The same boat (you are slow to learn lessons )contains your 40 and 20 year old children (both of the same sex)). Neither can swim. As the boat sinks, whom do you choose to save? 3. Would you rather marry someone older or younger than yourself? A. Older B. Younger 4. Of the following 6, which 3 are most important in the selection of a mate. A. B. C. D. E. F. Good financial prospects Good looks A caring and responsible personality Physical attractiveness Ambition and industriousness An exciting personality 5. You and your partner are the pound parents of a new child. The grandparents are ecstatic. Who will be kinder to the child. Circle one • The mother of the mother 6. or the mother of the father Who will mourn at the death of a child? Pick out the answer in each pair A. Father or mother B. Parents of the father or parents of the mother C. Younger parents or older parents 7. Which will elicit more grief? Pick out the answer in each pair. A. Death of a son or B. Death of an unhealthy child death of a daughter or death of a healthy child Evolutionary psychology • Examining the evolution of behavior generally using the principals of natural selection • Think…afraid of the dark Social-cultural • 1940s • Social: how individuals are shaped by others…brings up issues of conformity, obedience, etc. • Triumph of the Will • Cultural: similarity and differences in behavior based on cultural setting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm-TmV22iUg • Aggressive behavior: Mr. Heinz punches Payton only on Mondays. • Eating behavior: Cem only eats apples when he is sad. • Memory behavior: When Hunter smells cookies he thinks of the NRA and grabs his gun. • I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt.