Download History PP for Review: test on Tuesday File

History and
Approaches
Keogh 2016
Do not be Confused! (do not Write)
• philosophy
• Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral selfdiscipline
• physiology
• The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
• psychiatry
• The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of mental and emotional disorders.
• Anthropology
• Study of cultures, behavior, society often focused on unique or past
cultures.
• Sociology
• Study of large groups of people of institutions or segment of society
• Psychology
• Study of the soul
Then again, be confused
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What is Psychology? No Idea!
Yet, Peter Gray has some takes
on it that are interesting:
A. P is a set of questions
B. P is a set of (often
competing) theories for
answering the questions
C. P is an evolutionary
phenomena
However, for the sticklers, it is
considered the scientific study of
the mind and behavior of
humans (whatever that means)
Difference is really about
evidence, how it is collected,
presented, etc.
Earliest roots of Psy?
• Possibly trephining?
• Earliest experiment?
• Stanley Finger (neurologists)
estimates about a 65% survival
rate
• One archeology site in France
had 120 skulls, 40 with holes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Sx8GJ-Teec
Challenges of Psychology
1. The brain
(no offense)
Challenges of Psy
2. Self-awareness
The tendency to interpret peoples behavior through our own behavior-introspection—BAD!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Dp2Zqk8vHw
Challenges to psy
• 3. Reactivity
• 4. Causality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnKLpO9qhOE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA
5. Zeitgeist
Socrates and Plato Vs.S&PAristotle
• Systematic theory
• Logic from a rational thinking
viewpoint
• Believed the mind and body
separate--Dualists
• Born with ability--Nature
Aristotle
• Focused more on human
interaction with the
environment.
• Mind and body connected
Monist
• People shaped by-Nurture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aNaMlSc3Ag
Rene Descartes
• Thoughts separate man form
animals, but two types:
• Derived (from experience)
• Innate (from mind/soul)
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Result: Nature Vs Nurture
Both Dualists and Monist
Idea for thought process—
Receive stimuli from the
environment, information is
transmitted via the nervous
system (animal sprits) to the
pituitary gland, mind/soul that
directs body what to do.
Empiricism
• Francis Bacon-• Thomas Hobbes—Leviathan
Materialism—soul is
meaningless
• John Locke--Tabula Rasa
• Empiricism: all human
thought derived through
sensory experience—
Nurture.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1_24
Now hang on—you better work as
well
• So get a book in the back, look
up and take notes on the
following:
• Darwin pages 9-10
• Phineas Gage page 80
• Paul Broca page 81.
Charles Darwin-- On the Origins of Species (1859
Charles Darwin-- On the Origins of
Species (1859 ). Set of theories
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•
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•
•
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Species change over time
This change is gradual
Species have common decent
Natural selection:
1. changes occurred from one
generation to the next—mutation
of the genes and
2. changes—which he termed
evolution—help the new
individual(s) to survive.
More than anyone—showed that
humans are a part of nature and
can be understood through
scientific study.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odsuv8x67dk
19th Century influences
• Paul Broca (1861) and
Tan:
• Speech and localization
of function
• No speaking and yet
singing??
• Phineas Gage (1848)
• Nice—not nice (frontal
lobes)
• The tamping iron hanging in the
Warren Museum bears an
inscription reading, "This is the
bar that was shot through the
head of Mr. Phineas P. Gage at
Cavendish Vermont Sept. 14th,
1848. He fully recovered from
the injury, and deposited this bar
in the museum of the medical
college of Harvard University."
The big 3 ¼
 William Wundt (1832-1920)
 Structuralism (Mind and levels)
 Experimental lab 1879
 First textbook
 First experiment .2 vs.29
 Edward Tichner 1892 Cornell University
 Introduced structuralism to the US
 Introspection—bad
 William James 1890—Functionalism
 (looks at end product—what can you do/why can you do it)
 Weird/interesting guy
 not very experimental
 Mary Calkins-first female PhD/Denied Phd from Harvard
 Gestalt: “unifying whole” organizing shapes
 Phi Phenomena
Dorothy Dix (1802-87): school teacher/mental institutions /outcry
Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Described adolescence. Strum and Drang. First
president of APA
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• “What the ____
difference does that
make when you’ve work
to do in a laboratory?
Next time there is a
revolution, get up
earlier.”
• Classical conditioning.
John B. Watson (1849-1936):
• “Give me a dozen healthy infants, wellformed, and my own specified world to
bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take
any one at random and train him to become
any type of specialist I might select—doctor,
lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even
beggar-man and thief, regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his ancestors.” (1930)
• Father of Behaviorism
• Little Albert
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• “If you're old, don't try
to change yourself,
change your
environment.”
• Radical behaviorist
• Shaping behavior
• Reductionist
Now a little work
• You must come up with definitions for each of the schools of
thought—not really detailed but enough for you to get a basic
understanding—please use to book to do this.
• Behaviorism—you do not need to look up—just figure out in
groups or page 7.
• Psychoanalytic—596-598
• Humanism—609-610
• Cognitive—7
• Bio-psychology, Evolutionary, Social and cultural--11
Behaviorism
• 1920s-today
• Focus is the
environment
• Key idea is
association—
how a stimuli
and response
get linked
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiXNs50ZXTk
Psychoanalysis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63JjP0qH9xQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk
WikN3fl7g
• 1900s-today
• Mental struggle in the unconscious—
Freud
• Iceberg analogy 1/7 conscious and 6/7
unconscious (secret
wishes/desires/repressed
memories…etc.)
• Libido (internal energy), Id (pleasure
principle/I want), Ego (reality
principle…checks the id), Superego
(moral compass/right/wrong)
• Why do you forget?
• Most practitioners are psychiatrists
(have a medical degree!)
Humanism
• 1960s-today
• Response to and rejection of behaviorism
• Central idea that everyone has actualizing tendencies—set of inborn drives that enable us to
go beyond basic needs
• People (teachers parents, etc.) inhibit self-actualization—resulting in negative self-views: the
goal is to overcome negativity
• The individual is responsible for getting better
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPu9RhMIQdg
Cognitive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSgiVutQ2JQ
Cognitive perspective
• School of thought that dominated in the 196070s. Reaction against behaviorism.
• Focus is on the mind.
• How does one acquire/encode, organize, store
and retrieve/use knowledge.
• Or ‘the mental act or process by which
knowledge is acquired.
• Assumption is that there can be different model
for how we do things: includes perception,
memory, language, and attention
• Why do you forget?
Bio-psychology
• Always been around
• Understanding the
biological mechanisms that
control behavior
• Mainly looks at chemical
reaction in the brain,
neurological impact, etc.
• Also use reductionist
approach
• Animal research, MRIs, PET,
CAT etc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVt32qoyhi
0
1. You are on a boat that overturns. It contains your 5 year old and 1
year old (of the same sex). The boat sinks and you can only save one.
Whom do you save? Pick one.
2. The same boat (you are slow to learn lessons )contains your 40 and
20 year old children (both of the same sex)). Neither can swim. As
the boat sinks, whom do you choose to save?
3. Would you rather marry someone older or younger than yourself?
A. Older
B. Younger
4. Of the following 6, which 3 are most important in the selection of a
mate.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Good financial prospects
Good looks
A caring and responsible personality
Physical attractiveness
Ambition and industriousness
An exciting personality
5.
You and your partner are the pound parents of a new child. The
grandparents are ecstatic. Who will be kinder to the child. Circle
one
• The mother of the mother
6.
or
the mother of the father
Who will mourn at the death of a child? Pick out the answer in
each pair
A. Father
or
mother
B. Parents of the father
or
parents of the mother
C. Younger parents
or
older parents
7. Which will elicit more grief? Pick out the answer in each pair.
A. Death of a son
or
B. Death of an unhealthy child
death of a daughter
or
death of a healthy child
Evolutionary psychology
• Examining the evolution
of behavior generally
using the principals of
natural selection
• Think…afraid of the dark
Social-cultural
• 1940s
• Social: how
individuals are
shaped by
others…brings up
issues of conformity,
obedience, etc.
• Triumph of the Will
• Cultural: similarity
and differences in
behavior based on
cultural setting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm-TmV22iUg
• Aggressive behavior: Mr. Heinz punches Payton only on
Mondays.
• Eating behavior: Cem only eats apples when he is sad.
• Memory behavior: When Hunter smells cookies he thinks of
the NRA and grabs his gun.
• I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I
was rdanieg The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan
mnid Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers in
a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and
lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl
mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is
bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by
istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and
I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt.