Download Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet

Exam 5 Q4 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Exam 5 will cover:
Chapter 24 – ALL
Chapter 26 - ALL
Chapter 24 (immune system)
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Know all the figures!!
Compare nonspecific immunity to specific immunity.
Give another name for the two major branches of the immune system
Define pathogen.
Identify and describe the various types of nonspecific (innate) immunity present in
vertebrates.
Which cells types are considered phagocytes? How do phagocytes compare to
natural killer cells?
Explain in detail the process of inflammation. Why does an infection show signs of
edema, rubor and calor?
Why is the inflammatory response considered innate immunity?
Explain how the lymphatic system is involved in both innate and acquired
immunity.
Explain the two main functions of the lymph system, Make sure you can identify the
various organs on a diagram that are part of this system and know their functions.
Explain the function of lymph nodes. Where does the lymph in the lymph system
come from and where is it going?
Which type of white blood cells are responsible for acquired (adaptive/specific)
immunity?
Antigens elicit immune responses. Explain what an antigen is and where it is found.
IMPORTANT (ESSAY): You should be able to start with a microbe (antigen) of
some kind getting past the first lines of defense and entering the blood, and describe
the events that take place in your body in both the humoral and cell-mediated
acquired immune responses starting with both a macrophage somewhere in the
body engulfing the microbe and displaying the antigen and a B-cell being activated
in a lymph node by the same antigen all the way until the microbe is cleared from
the body.
Compare humoral immunity to cell-mediated immunity.
Humoral: There are an incredible number of antigens out there and these antigens
are changing everyday as microorganisms evolve via mutations in their DNA. How
are we able to react specifically to all these antigens as well as antigens that have not
ever existed on the planet (make sure you know what “clonal selection” means).
Identify the protein receptors on the surface of B-cells. How do they compare the
the receptors on T-cells?
Compare MHC-I receptors to MHC-II receptors. You should use the videos on the
misc section of the website to help you. Watch the videos…
Humoral: Explain the chain of events that occur when an antigen comes into contact
and binds to an antibody on the surface of a B-cell. Where would you imagine this
interaction would occur in the body?
20. What is the main function of B-cells and how do memory B-cells work?
21. Identify the link between the non-specific immune system and the cell-mediated arm
of the acquired immune system.
22. In class we spoke about how phagocytes will phagocytose microorganisms and
display their pieces (antigens). Explain how this action triggers cell-mediated
immunity all the way to a cytotoxic T-cell putting holes in infected cells. Be specific.
You should discuss antigen presenting cells, Helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cell, and Bcells. (Many of these questions are just repeats of the ESSAY question. They should
all be answered somewhere in the essay).
23. Identify the link between the cell-mediated response and the humoral system. Make
sure you look at the pictures in the PowerPoints to help you out.
24. Compare active to passive immunity. Give examples of each.
25. Explain how vaccinations work and give you immunity. Why don’t you get ill from
the vaccination itself? Why are there no vaccines available for HIV?
26. Where are cells of the blood “born”?
27. Although all lymphocytes are born in this location, immature T-cells need to
migrate elsewhere to fully develop. Where do they go and how does this relate to
their name? What about the “B” in B-cells?
28. Explain how antibodies help fight infection (we discussed four functions)? What
happens to cells that have antibodies stuck to them?
29. Describe the structure of the antibody. What shape does it have. How many binding
sites. Draw one and show the binding sites. What part do macrophages recognize?
30. Explain why a single antigen can have more than one antigenic determinant (more
than one spot that can be recognized by different antibodies)?
31. Compare the primary immune response to the secondary immune response (second
time you come in contact with an antigen) in terms of how quickly antibodies are
made and duration of antibody production. Why is this?
32. What type of cells does HIV infect? Explain why HIV itself doesn’t actually kill a
person?
33. Compare autoimmune diseases to immunodeficiency diseases. Give an example of
each.
34. Explain what allergies are and how they are caused. Make sure you include mast
cells, antibodies, histamines and the bodies response to histamine secretion. Why
might it require more than one exposure to a particular allergen before a response
occurs?
35. Explain the causes and what happens during anaphylactic shock. How do epi-pens
help to counteract this reaction? (remember that epi-pens contain epinephrine =
adrenaline).
Chapter 26 (endocrine)
1. Compare exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
2. Know all the endocrine glands and their locations in the body. Be able to label a
diagram.
3. How is the endocrine system linked to the nervous system?
4. Explain how the nervous and endocrine systems are different.
5. What is a hormone? How is a hormone different from other secreted signals like
neurotransmitters?
6. Identify the two major types of hormones?
7. Compare and contrast how these two types of hormones “talk” to cells? Explain
why they these differences exist based on the chemical properties of the hormones.
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Which hormones are an exception to the rule and why?
Which glands make steroid hormones?
Where are the posterior pituitary hormones made? Where are they stored?
Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary and what effect do they
have on the body (target organs)?
Where are the anterior pituitary hormones made? How is the release of these
hormones controlled?
Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary and what effect do they have
on the body (target organs)? ? (FLAGTEP or FLATPEG)
Identify the master endocrine gland of the body and explain why it is the “master”
gland. Does it control ALL endocrine function? Explain.
How does the body regulate overall metabolism starting with the hypothalamus?
How are the levels of T3 and T4 maintained (not too high, not too low)
(homeostasis).
Define metabolism and give specific examples of your metabolism.
Explain how a goiter arises (don’t just say a lack of iodine; be specific). Why does it
swell?
How does Grave’s disease relate to the thyroid and hyperthyroidism? What are the
symptoms of someone suffering with hyperthyroidism and how does this relate to
the affect of T3 and T4 on the body?
How does cretinism relate to the thyroid and hypothyroidism? Why do aduls with
hypothyroidism not have cretinism? What happens to adults that develop
hypothyroidism and how does this relate to the affects of T3 and T4 on the body.
You drink a glass of milk. Explain how your blood calcium will be regulated. Do not
stop with the lowering of the calcium concentration, as it will drop too low. How is it
brought back up? Explain why your levels are constantly fluctuating up and down.
How does this relate to negative feedback? Include all endocrine organs, hormones
and target organs.
Explain what is meant by “antagonistic hormones”. Give two examples.
Why is it important to maintain a certain level of calcium?
You go to the doctor and find out that you are suffering from osteoporosis. The
doctor prescribes Ca++ and vitamin D supplements. I understand the calcium, but
why the Vitamin D?
You eat a box of Fruit Loops and you blood sugar goes through the roof. Explain
how your blood glucose will be regulated. Do not stop with the lowering of the
glucose concentration as it will drop too low. How is it brought back up? Explain
why your levels are constantly fluctuating up and down. How does this relate to
negative feedback? Include all endocrine organs, hormones and target organs.
Give an example of positive feedback.
Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback.
Compare and contrast Type I with Type II diabetes. Identify the cause of each and
how are each treated and why are they treated in this fashion.
You are walking through the woods on a dark night. You here a rustling in the
bushes and almost instantly you start breathing faster, you blood pressure rises, the
capillaries in your skin and digestive tract constrict and your bronchi dilate.
Explain the chain of events occurring in your body that leads to this outcome. How
is the response able to be so quick?
A soldier in Iraq is experiencing long term stress. Because of this the soldiers blood
pressure is chronically high as well as high blood glucose levels. The soldier has also
been falling ill more often. Explain what is happening inside the body that is causing
these symptoms.
30. Compare and contrast the molecule structure and the effects of the hormones
released by the medulla and those released by the cortex of the adrenal glands.
31. How does the stimulus to release hormones by the adrenal medulla differ from the
stimuli to release hormones from the adrenal cortex? Explain why these differences
might have evolved.
32. Explain why cortisone can be used to treat inflammation.
33. Identify the two major functions of the gonads.
34. Which two classes of sex hormones are higher in females than males? What are the
effects of this hormone on the female body? What molecule are these hormones
synthesized from? Which gland produces these hormones?
35. Which sex hormones are higher in males than males? Which hormone is
representative of this group of hormones? Which organ produces these hormones?
What are the effects of this hormone on the male body?
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW EVERY BOLD WORD IN EVERY SECTION
ASSIGNED AS WELL AS THE TITLES OF EACH SECTION AND
FIGURES/TABLES IN EACH SECTION.