Download Big, strong, fast, and aggressive

SELECTIVE BREEDING
(Hybridization vs. Inbreeding;
biotechnology)
• Hunters in the 1800’s needed a hunting
dog that was big, strong, fast, and
aggressive
• However, no dog like this existed at
that time
• They knew of two species of dogs, each
with some of the desired qualities
• Can they somehow combine the two
into one?
Big and strong, but lacked
speed and aggression
Fast and aggressive,
but lacked size
Big, strong,
fast, and
aggressive
Why use selective breeding?
• Humans use selective breeding, which
takes advantage of naturally
occurring genetic variation, to pass
wanted traits on to the next generation
of organisms
• What ways can humans selectively
breed plants or animals?
Polyploid Plants and Fruits
The Great Famine killed millions
of people in Ireland that depended
on Irish potatoes as a staple to get them
through the winter.
Luther Burbank developed a new Irish
potato that did not get blight. This potato
Was sent to Ireland.
Irish Potato Famine
1845-1851
2 Types of Selective Breeding
Hybridization
• Crossing dissimilar
individuals to bring
together the best of
both worlds
• American botanist Luther
Burbank selectively bred
800 plants, called varieties
• Many varieties can be
found in your supermarket!
• Bred for size, disease
resistance, flowering,
taste, color and a variety
of other reasons based on
preference
Inbreeding
• Crossing breeds of
individuals with
similar
characteristics
• Maintains traits of
that breed
(purebreds)
• Risky – increases
chance for mutation
since individuals are
very genetically
similar to each other
Place in notes!
1. List the 2 types of selective breeding.
2. Who was Luther Burbank? How did he help
Ireland using selective breeding?
3. Define polyploid plants4. Why are polyploid plants desirable in the florist
business and farming?
5. Why would polyploid, extra numbers of
chromosomes, not work in animals?
Inbreeding
• Inbreeding uses two genetically similar organisms,
each being “the best of the best”
• Dog breeds are maintained by inbreeding
• Characteristics that are unique to each breed are
preserved
•Very prevalent in cattle
farming – gives farmers
the best possible
livestock
•Also can be very
dangerous if two
individuals have an
underlying mutation
Designer Doggies
• Aussiedoodle
Australian shepherd x
Poodle
• Cavapoo
Cavalier King Charles x
Poodle
• Cheagle
Chihuahua x
Beagle
Problems
with
Inbreeding in
Dogs
List 4 problems
Associated with
Inbreeding dogs.
(Place in your notes)
Inbreeding
Problems
List 3 additional
Problems that can
Happen due to
Inbreeding in dogs.
(Place in notes!)
Hybridization
• Hybridization occurs in both plants and
animals
• Creating hybrid plants is different than
creating hybrid animals
• Animals can be sterile if their chromosome
number is odd, or if there are too many
mutations that occur when they breed
naturally (rarely occurs in the wild)
• Plants can be bred easily by gardeners or
botanists
• Many crops today are hybrids (can sometimes
occur naturally in the wild)
List 4 characteristics of hybridized plants
(Place in notes!)
Genetically-Engineered Hybrid
Plants
(List 4 ex. of GE Plants in notes)
• You have probably eaten many GE
plants without realizing it.
Examples include:
• Seedless grapes/ watermelons
• Bananas, which commonly have
polyploidy (extra sets of
chromosomes – stronger, bigger)
• Corn – modern corn was
selectively bred from
teosinte at least 6,000
years ago
Can you guess these
hybrid fruits?
• Limequats
– Lime x Kumquat
• Tangelo
– Tangerine x Pomelo
Pineberries look like smallish
strawberries in size and shape, but
are white in color and studded with
red seeds. They taste and smell like
pineapples but have the same
genetic makeup as a strawberry.
They are a product of crossbreeding, not genetic engineering
Hybridization
• Hybridized animals are called hybrids
• Can you identify these hybrids?
Why would a farmer what to breed a buffalo and a cow?
Horse + Donkey=Mule (sterile)
Why are mules so desirable as work animals?
Canis lupus
(gray wolf)
Canis latrans
(coyote)
Canis rufus
(red wolf)
Canis familiaries
(dog)
tiger +lion = liger
(What purpose do ligers serve?)
Sheep + goat =
geep
What purpose
Do these hybrid
Animals serve?
Are they sterile?
Horse + zebra=Zorse (sterile)
Induced
Mutation
• How?
Chemicals and
Radiation
• Why? Increase
Variation
(Place in notes!)
(Place in notes!)
List 4 ways plants (crops) can be modified.
(Place in notes!)
Gel Electrophorsis
List the sequence of DNA
Fingerprinting in your notes!
Gel Electro/phore/sis
1. What role does the gel play in gel
electrophoresis?
2. What role does the electro (electricity)
play in this process?
3. What role does the phore (pores) play in
gel electrophoresis?
4. Give another name for gel electrophoresis.
1. What is the name of the
enzyme responsible for
cutting the DNA into
fragments?
2. Are all the DNA fragments
the same length?
3. What pushes the DNA fragments
through the gel?
4. Which DNA fragment (short
or long) do you think would
move through the gel faster?
1. How did the mixture of DNA get to so many different sizes?
2. Is DNA a positive or negative charged molecule?
3. The starting line, so to speak, is at the wells. Can you identify
the wells?
4. The DNA fragments of different sizes migrate toward the ____
end.
5. Are the fragments shorter or longer near the wells? At the end?
How many lanes do you see? Can you identify the top from the
bottom? The fragments at the top are they longer or shorter than
at the bottom?
Can you identify which
suspect was at the crime
scene?
*What does the 70, 60, 50, etc.
mean?
*What do you thing Std. stands
for above lane 1? How about
CS1 and CS2?
*Who was at the crime scenes?
1. Remember a child is made up of _____% of mom’s DNA
and _____% of dad’s DNA.
2. Whose the babies daddy?
3. How is “dad 1” related to mom? Look closely!
Do you understand
how to determine
a childs mom and
dad?
Explain why there
is only one band in
lane two?
What does digested mean?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Whose blood is at the crime scene?
Whose hair is at the crime scene?
Would the DNA be the same in hair and blood?
Does the suspect’s blood match the CS blood?
1. What does paternity mean?
2. Why would a paternity test be done?
3. Who is the babies daddy?
How is PCR used with gel electrophoresis?
Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
(Place in Notes)
EOC Question
Which technique would most likely be used by forensic
scientists?
A. gene cloning
B. gene therapy
C. DNA fingerprinting
D. karyotyping
Which deals with the transmission of inherited traits from
one generation to another?
A. anatomy
B. genetics
C. ecology
D. forensics
PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Biotechnology
• Biotechnology - when scientists purposely
change the genetic makeup of an organism
(Ex: introduce a mutation)
• Used in agriculture and medicine
• Bacterial mutations
A strain of bacteria has been
developed that can digest oil to
help clean oil spills
Scientists are trying to produce
bacteria to clean up radioactive
waste
Combining DNA Fragments
• Since DNA is a universal code, it can be
combined from 2 or more sources
• Changes the genetic composition of the living
organism
• This is called recombinant DNA
• Can also be used to make proteins like human
insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, and a clotting
factor for hemophilia patients
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Questions About Previous Slides
1. Define recombinant DNA 2.List 4 products made by rDNA.
3.Define plasmid –
4.Where are plasmids found?
5.What is the purpose of “sticky ends”?
6.What process is used to produce human
insulin?
1. Name 4 products produced by rDNA (recombinant DNA).
2. Can you identify a plasmid?
3. What is inserted into the bacterial plasmid?
EOC Question
Which is a step in the process of producing
transgenic bacteria?
A. A plasmid is used to replace a faulty
gene in a human cell.
B. A chain of bacterial amino acids is
inserted into human DNA.
C. A human gene is inserted into a
bacterial plasmid.
D. A mutation is produced in a bacterial
cell.
Recombinant DNA
& Human Health
• Scientists can develop
recombinant DNA to
produce human antibodies
to fight disease
• Can also make proteins
engineered in transgenic
sheep and pigs’ milk to be
used in disease prevention
• Can treat diseases caused
by protein deficiency
1. Do you know of a
disease/disorder caused
by protein deficiency?
Genetically Modified Animals
• 30% of milk in US comes from cows injected
with hormones to increase milk production
• Pigs – produce more lean meat or high levels
of healthy omega-3 acids
• Salmon – faster growth to produce more fish
• Scientists in Canada combined spider genes
into lactating goats – produced silk along with
their milk. Silk was extracted and used to
make military uniforms, medical sutures, and
tennis racket strings
1. What is biosteel made from?
2. What process produces biosteel?
3. What does the spider and the goat have to do with each
other?
4. Is this a lactating goat? Why does that matter in the production
of biosteel?
What does GFP stand for?
What gene did man remove from the chicken to make
Them featherless?
Above plant inserted with glow
gene.
Glow fish, new pet fish for
home aquariums that glows under
UV light..
How do you think our chickens
are so much bigger present day?
Transgenic Organisms
• Scientists find specific genes and can add
them to any organism
• Organisms with genes from other species are
called transgenic organisms
• Ex: Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP) in cats
• Cat with the GFP is red under UV light, while a
normal cat glows green
• How did they do that…?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
YVdLJ78RBWk
EOC Question
Which is one reason scientists produce
transgenic organisms?
A. to create new species of organisms
B. to control microorganisms in the soil
C. to prevent habitats from being destroyed
D. to treat certain types of diseases
Genetic Modification
• If you’ve eaten corn, potatoes, or soy
products this week, chances are you’ve eaten
genetically modified (GM) food – it doesn’t
have to be recorded on food labels!
• Many plants are genetically modified
• Resistance to insects, herbicides (weed killer),
and viral infections
• Resistance to rot or spoilage
Definitions
1. Transgenic organism –
2. Bt gene -
Cons
What is the
message from
this poster?
EOC Question
• When researchers wanted to field test geneticallyengineered bacteria that impede frost formation on plants,
the test was vigorously resisted by certain groups of
scientists. What might be the danger in releasing this
genetically-engineered bacteria into the environment?
A. The bacteria would soon die outside a protected
laboratory environment.
B. The bacteria would only work to protect certain plants.
C. The bacteria would have no natural enemies to stop
their spread.
D. The bacteria could change the climate by preventing
frost.
Golden
Rice
Short Answer
1. Summarize why Golden Rice is such an
important product of genetic engineering?
2. Summarize the purpose and design of bt
crops like corn, bt cotton, bt soybeans, bt
sugar beets, etc.
3. What is your opinion concerning Golden
rice and bt corn?
Do these bacteria have the same genus and species?
Explain what you think this statement means?
Do you think foods containing or that are GM
should have a labeled?
Do you want to know if your food is GM? Explain your answer.
Cloning
• A clone is a member of a population of
genetically identical cells produced from
a single cell
Genetic Modification
Good or Bad?
• Ideally, GM plants and animals could lead to
better, less expensive, and more nutritious
food as well as less-harmful manufacturing
processes
• Farmers and ranchers hope cloning will allow
them to duplicate prize animals, providing
better quality and more food to a rising
population
Gene Therapy
• Gene therapy – process of changing a gene to
treat a medical disease/disorder
• Bad gene is replaced with a good gene
• 1st – need a virus to transport the gene into
the organism
• 2nd – patient’s cells are infected with the new
gene, hopefully correcting the defect
• Challenging part – Will it last long term? Will
the virus DNA harm the patient?
Summary