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Matter and Change Chapter 1 Chemistry I C Chemistry is a Physical Science What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. • Chemistry is a Physical Science Branches of Chemistry Organic Chemistry - the study of most carbon-containing compounds. 2. Inorganic Chemistry - the study of non-organic substances. 3. Physical Chemistry - the study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy. 4. Analytical Chemistry - the identification of the components and composition of materials. 5. Biochemistry - the study of substances and processes occurring in living things. 6. Theoretical Chemistry - the use of math and computers to predict the properties of new compounds. 1. Chemistry is a Physical Science What is a Chemical? A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. sucrose, C12H22O11 water, H2O carbon dioxide, CO2 • • • • Chemistry is a Physical Science Top Eight Chemical Made in the United States Matter and Its Properties Matter Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. mass is how much “stuff” is present Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. • • • • Matter and Its Properties Basic Building Blocks of Matter An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom. A compound is a substance that can be broken down into simpler stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded. • • • • Matter and Its Properties Atoms Matter and Its Properties Molecules Matter and Its Properties Basic Building Blocks of Matter Matter and Its Properties Properties and Changes in Matter Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present. volume mass the amount of energy in a substance • • • • Matter and Its Properties Properties and Changes in Matter Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter that is present. melting point boiling point density ability to conduct electricity ability to transfer energy as heat • • • • • • Matter and Its Properties Properties of Matter Matter and Its Properties Comparing Properties of Matter Matter and Its Properties Physical Properties and Physical Changes A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. melting point boiling point A physical change is a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. grinding cutting melting boiling • • • • • • • • Matter and Its Properties Physical Properties and Physical Changes A change of state is a physical change of a substance from one state to another. State of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma • • • • • • Matter and Its Properties Physical Properties and Physical Changes In the solid state, matter has definite volume and definite shape. In the liquid state, matter has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape. In the gaseous state, matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape. Plasma is a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms. • • • • Matter and Its Properties Liquids Matter and Its Properties Gases Matter and Its Properties Plasma Matter and Its Properties Water in Three States Matter and Its Properties Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances. reactivity toxicity heat of combustion A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction. • • • • • Matter and Its Properties Chemical Change Matter and Its Properties Chemical and Physical Changes Matter and Its Properties Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes The reactants are the substances that react in a chemical change. The products are the substances that are formed by the change change. • • Carbon plus oxygen yields (or forms) carbon dioxide C ( s ) + O2 ( g ) ⎯⎯ → CO2 ( g ) Reactants Product Matter and Its Properties Evidence of a Chemical Change There are four signs that indicate that a chemical change has taken place. 1. gas evolves 2. precipitate (solid) forms 3. energy change (usually temperature) 4. color change • Matter and Its Properties Evidence of a Chemical Change Matter and Its Properties Energy and Changes in Matter Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur. Energy can be in various forms. Heat Light Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it is not destroyed or created. Law of Conservation of Energy • • • • • • Matter and Its Properties Classification of Matter Matter and Its Properties Classification Scheme for Matter Matter and Its Properties Classification of Matter Matter and Its Properties Classification of Matter A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. mixed together physically can usually be separated Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions. uniform in composition (salt-water solution) Heterogeneous mixtures not uniform throughout (clay-water mixture) • • • • • • • Matter and Its Properties Types of Mixtures Matter and Its Properties Types of Mixtures Matter and Its Properties Classification of Matter A pure substance has a fixed composition. Pure substances are either compounds or elements. A pure substance differs from a mixture in the following ways: Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition. Water is always 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass. • • • • • • Elements Introduction to the Periodic Table Elements Introduction to the Periodic Table Elements Introduction to the Periodic Table On a separate sheet of paper, list as many elements that could apply to each category. Elements named after places Elements named after planets Elements named after people Elements named with dissimilar names and symbols • • • • • Elements Introduction to the Periodic Table The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups or families. Each group contains elements with similar chemical properties. The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. Physical and chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period. • • • • Elements Types of Elements Metals A metal is an element that is good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor. Properties of Metals most are solid at room temperature malleable - they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets ductile - they can be drawn into a thin wire conduct electricity and heat well shiny, or have luster • • • • • • • Elements Types of Elements Metals Gold, Copper, and Aluminum are metals. • Elements Types of Elements Nonmetals A nonmetal is an element that is poor electrical conductor and a poor heat conductor. Properties of Nonmetals many are gases solids are brittle poor conductors of electricity and heat dull • • • • • • Elements Types of Elements Nonmetals Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Iodine are nonmetals. • Elements Types of Elements Metalloids A metalloid is an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals. Properties of Metalloids six metalloids (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te) all metalloids are solids at room temperature semiconductors of electricity • • • • • Elements Types of Elements Metalloids Antimony Germanium Arsenic Boron Silicon Elements Types of Elements Noble Gases Elements in Group 18 of the periodic table. Properties of Noble Gases six Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn) generally unreactive gases at room temperature • • • • •