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Muslim Civilizations Chapter 10 622-1629 Page 302 Section 1 The Rise of Islam • A. Bedouins were first Arab tribe to settle into cities • Muhammad was born around 570 AD • Mecca- was a market town – Many made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit Kaabaancient temple with statues of pagan gods • Poor illiterate merchant- went into desert to meditate • Heard God calling him to be messenger of God • Was cast out of Mecca and went to Yathrib, later called Medina • Journey known as a Hijra • There gained many followers • Led Medinans against Meccans, won, and destroyed idols at Kaaba, and rededicated it to Allah B. Teaching Islam • • • • Holy book- Quran Priests not required to mediate Place of worship called Mosques 5 pillars of Islam – 1. Declaration of faith – 2. Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca – 3. charity – 4. Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan – 5. Hajj- holy pilgrimage to Mecca if able • Also Jihad- there are different definitions – 1. – 2. • People of the book- Jews and Christians believe in same God, but not his third revelation according to Muslims C. Way of life • Sharia- body of law that interprets way Muslims suppose to live • Religion and criminal law not separated – Break religious code, break the law • Women also put in an inferior role to men, but equal in God’s eyes • Suppose to dress modestly?? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzMl57 M54KE Section 2 Building a Muslim Empire • A. Early challenges to Islam – Muhammad did not name a successor – Who would be the next caliph– Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father in law becomes caliph – Consolidated his power and under next four Caliphs, Islam spread to rest of Arab tribes • Shiite Muslims believed Caliph had to be a descendent of Muhammad • Sunni’s were the compromise group believed Caliph should be pious male from Muhammad’s tribe • Majority of Muslims are Sunnis • Sufis- like nuns and monks, Muslim mystics who travel spreading the faith C. Umayyad Caliphs build Empire • Ruled from capital in Damascus • Spread the empire from North Africa to Spain to Indus valley in India • Treated conquered people well – Could keep religion, just paid tax – Restrictions were put on non-Muslims • Umayyad became very wealthy • Many thought they were moving away from true Islam D. Rise of the Abbasids • Abu al-Abbas, descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, defeats and kills all but one of Umayyad family- 750 • Moves capital to Baghdad • Allowed non-Muslims to hold important official jobs • Baghdad becomes more powerful and beautiful then Constantinople • Domes and Minarets- E. Surviving Umayyad • • • • Flee to Spain Set up new independent Muslim State Brilliant courts and centers of learning More tolerant F. Muslim Decline • 900’s, Seljuk Turks migrated from central Asia • Although they converted to Islam, they took over Abbasid empire • Put their own Sultans in charge • Stopped Christian Pilgrims from reaching holy land- caused Crusades • 1216 and 1258- Mongols invade area and sack Baghdad Section 3 Muslim Civilization • A. Diverse Culture – Muslim culture included Arab, Persian, Egyptian, African, European, Mongol, Turk, and Indians – Central location, built a very profitable trading network connecting Asia with Africa and Europe – Camels- boats of the desert – Spread of idea and goods • Manufactured goods high sought after – Persian rugs, cotton from Egypt, leather, furniture, glassware, and tapestries • Abbasids organized massive irrigation projects to make middle east more arable – Drained swamps, built dams, reservoirs • Social Mobility in Muslims society- could move up in social rank • Slavery existed, but discouraged and not near as brutal as American slavery B. Art, Lit, and Architecture • Poetry- elaborate versus of chivalry, battles, and glory – Firdawsi- Book of Kings – Omar Khayyam- The Rubaiyat • Writings – The Thousand and One Nights- tales • Aladdin • Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves – Calligraphy- the art of handwriting • Art – Domes decorated with geometric figures C. Knowledge • Centers of learning created in Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu – Must be educated to study Quran • Ibn Rushd- Put knowledge to test of reason • Ibn Khaldun- scientific study of historyactually study historic events to understand why things happened the way they did • Mathematics – Al-Khwarizmi- study of algerbra • Medicine – Compiled known knowledge of medicine – Required doctors to pass tests • Muhammad al Razi- chief physician in Baghdad hospital • Ibn Sina- Canon on Medicine- huge book on medicine • Cataract cure • Treat body and mind Section 4 India’s Muslim Empires • A. The Delhi Sultanate – Gupta empire falls, India is fragmented into many kingdoms – Hindu and Buddhist major religions – Sultan Ghur defeats Hindu armies and made Delhi his capital – Lasted 1206-1526 – Muslim horse warriors faster and more mobile than war elephants B. Changes • Sultans brought changes to Indian gov’t – Increase trade – Migration – Center of learning • Then in 1398- Mongol Tamerlane smashed into Northern India and sacked Delhi C. Muslims and Hindus clash • Muslim conquest led to destruction of Buddhists and Hindu temples • Many differences in religion • Muslim – One god, much newer, no caste system • Hindu – Many gods, ancient religion, caste system • Eventually- Hindu’s were allowed to practice faith by paying a tax • Rajahs• Many Indians would convert to Muslim – No caste system – Social mobility • Nanak- a holy man, created new religion called Sikhism- blended both religions D. Mughal India • 1526- Babur rides into India- Turkish/Mongol • Swept away Delhi Sultanate dynasty• Akbar- Babur’s son, would extend the dynasty much deeper into India • Treated different religions much more fairly E. Akbar’s successors • Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan- Akbar’s grandson- do honor his deceased wife Section 5 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires • A. Ottoman Empire – One of two empires to dominate the middle east – Turkish speaking people migrating from Central Asia – Mehmet II finally Turk to capture Constantinople after carrying boats across land – Used Cannon to destroy the walls – Renamed City Istanbul B. Suleiman the Magnificent • Golden age under this leader • Extended empire • Even threatened Europe C. Ottoman Culture • Men of sword• Men of Pen• Men of negotiation • Other cultures and religions organized into Millets • Janizaries- elite fighting force • Other religions paid taxes and turn over sons to be converted and trained in Military • After Suleiman’s death in 1566, empire would decline but would not disappear until after WWI • Suleiman killed his two most able sons D. Safavid Empire • 1500’s, united parts of old Persian empire, present day Iran • Abbas the Great- expanded empire- called the Shah • Between Ottomans and Mughal empire in India • Was a Shiite Muslim and tolerated other religions • Built capital at Isfahan • After Abbas death, empire declined • Pressure from Ottoman, and internal Sunni rebellion in Afghanistan caused empire to collapse • Qajars would take over Iran and move capital to Tehran • Still disputes between Shiites and Sunnis today because of this empire