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Name: _______________________________________ Umayyad & Abbasid Dynasties Problem: Muhammad’s death and he never named a successor (he had several daughters, but no son). This cultural was a male-dominated society. Shortly after Muhammad’s death: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law) chosen to be leader – A.D. 632 he is named caliph Islam starts its expansion under his rule – united the Muslim faithful’s – expanding in the Arabian Peninsula Muhammad used jihad against early Makkans who tried to stop his movement Because of Jihad – the Muslims were able to use force to expand their territory Successors will do the same against neighbors (Byzantine Empire Conquered – A.D. 636: Yarmuk – Syria – took 4 years) (A.D. 642: Egypt & Northern Africa added to the Muslim Empire) Incentive to fight: soldiers had the belief that Muslim warriors were assured a place in paradise if they died in battle Abu Bakr passes away – no clear successor Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) - = Assassinated Mu’awiyah is a rival of Ali Conquer Territories Policies May allow local officials to continue to govern Tolerant of other religions Christian and Jews referred to as “People of the Book” meaning who had written scriptures reveled to them by God before Muhammad Big rule: those not converted to Muslim must obey Muslim rule and pay taxes Main Concept ISLAM DID GROW UNDER THE RULE OF MUHAMMAD AND HIS SUCCESSORS, BE THERE WAS CONSTANT TENSION OVER CHOOSING WHO SHOULD RULE THE EMPIRE Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty Leader(s): Leader(s): - - Mu’awiyah Governor of Syria/General Only used forced when absolutely necessary Created the Caliphate and connect it to his family = made the Umayyad Dynasty Major Event(s): Conquests - Major Event(s): Conquests Expansion (North Africa – Mediterranean – Europe - Persia) Cordoba, Spain Try to solve the problem of succession (creates the caliphate) Expansion + More Wealth = Stronger Islamic Culture Split in Islam: Hussein - Son of Ali (Sunni and Shia) Battle of Tours – Stop spread of Islam in Europe Moved capital to Damascus, Syria Fall of Dynasty: - Harun al-Rashid – Mother kills his brother Al-Ma’mun (son of Harun) - Contributed to arts and sciences (Golden Age) Prosperity increased: Baghdad heart of trading routes due to take over of Roman provinces No Discrimination New capital: Baghdad, Iraq Mongol Invasion destroys capital city Fall of Dynasty: Money problems Corruption Dynasties becoming too big to govern Discrimination towards Non-Arabs - Succession of caliph (fight between 2 sons of Harun al-Rashid) Financial troubles Lack of qualified Arab positions Did the empire flourish? Did the empire flourish? Yes found wealth and growth, but destroyed by corruption and discrimination. Yes it found wealth and growth, but family succession, and corruption forced Muslims to separate and form own dynasties Group that brought the Muslim Empire back to relevance (Fatimid Dynasty) Turks Would eventually take Constantinople, Turkey