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Organic Compounds • What do you think of when you hear the term organic? • What are the 4 major groupings of Organic compounds? • What compounds composes each group? • What are the major functions of each group? Organic Compounds • What do you think of when you hear the term organic? • Varies but probably produce that is grown without fertilizers or pesticides. Carbon containing, from living organism. • What are the 4 major groupings of Organic compounds of the human body? – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates (Breads, Rice, Starch, Grains) – – – – Saccharides, di-poly Immediate energy Make up most of your diet Simple sugars • Lipids (Lipids, Butter, Fats, fat tissue) – 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids – Stored reserve energy – Phospholipids make up cell membrane • Proteins (Muscles) – Amino Acids (peptide bond) alkyl, organic alchol, amine – Growth, maintenance and repair • Nucleic Acids – Nucleotide-Phosphate, 5carbon sugar and N base – Carry the genetic code of life Normal Cell Cell with Chromatids Sex Cell Sex Cell (Nondisjuction) Autosomal Cell (S-1, G2) Sex cell 1/2 done What do you see? B A E C D G F Meiosis I Reduction Meiosis II Equilateral Growth and Development Oogensis Primary Oocyte (2n) Meiosis I Reduction Secondary Oocyte (n) Polar Body (n) Meiosis II Equilateral Polar Bodies (n) Ootid (n) Growth and Development Ovum (n) Meiosis I Reduction Meiosis II Equilaterial Growth and development Spermatogensis Primary Spermatocyte (2n) Meiosis I Reduction Secondary Spermatocytes (n) Meiosis II Equilaterial Spermatids (n) Growth and development Spermatozoans (n) Nucleic Acids History Structure Replication Protein Synthesis Mutations History DNA Structure • • • • • • • • • • • • • Gregor Mendel-Factors carried genetic information Walter Sutton-Factors are carried on chromosomes Thomas Morgan-Genes are found on chromosomes Friederich Meischler -found in nuclein (chromatin) white blood cells Frank Griffith-Classic Experiment, transformation Margaret Chase, Alfred Hershey, bacteriophages reproduction Avery, Macleod, McCarty duplicated and explained Griffith experiment Wendel Stanley-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Phoebe Levine-Material that composed DNA Erwin Chargaff-N bases that combined, C-G, A-T Maurice Wilkins,Rosalind Franklin-Picture (X-ray diffraction) of DNA Linus Pauling-Worked on proteins James Watson, Francis Crick-suggested the double helix structure for DNA Structure • Website: check favorites http://www.umass.edu/molvis/bme3d/materials/jta t_080510/exploringdna/ch_struct/chapter.htm • Nucleotides – Sugar • Deoxyribose(DNA) • Ribose(RNA) – Phosphoric Acid, Phosphate – Nitrogen Bases A=T(DNA), U(RNA); C=G, Hydrogen Bond • Purines-double ring – Adenine, Guanine • Pyrimidines-single ring – Thymine(DNA), Cytosine, Urasil(RNA) • Ladder shape, twisted Double Helix – Sides are composed of phosphates and 5 C sugars. – Steps or rungs are composed of N bases What are the complimentary bases for this strand of DNA. A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-T-C-G DNA RNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid – – – – – Double strand Thymine Deoxyribose Nuclear location 3 types R, L, Twisted • Ribonucleic Acid • – – – – – Single Urasil Ribose Found anywhere in cell 4 type mRNA, tRNA, rRNA What are the Major Differences in DNA and RNA? • 5 carbon sugar • Nitrogen bases • Location • Strands DNA Replication • DNA copies the information on the strand and makes an exact copy. • C-G-T-A-G-G-A-T-C-C-G • G-C-A-T-C-C-T-A-G-G-C • Procedure – Weak chemical bonds break – DNA splits into separate strands – Enzymes cause free-floating nucleotides to form complimentary templates – Enzymes link the free-floating nucleotides into a long strand – Two identical strands of DNA now exist Quick review • What is the basic functional unit of DNA? • What three things makeup this functional unit? • What is the complimentary code for: • AAT GGC ATC GCA TTA GTC TTA Proteins • Everything you do is related to chemistry. Growth, maintenance, repair. • Break down or make substances-Lactase-lactose, amylase-starches, lipase-lipids, sucrase-sucrose, • Proteins have a specific job in your body, ex Hemoglobin, HGH • Polymerase in DNA • Makes Buffers for Acids and Bases Importance of DNA / Protein • Holds the Blueprint of LIFE or Genetic Blue Print of your life. • Instructs cells HOW to produce proteins (compounds) in certain situations. Proteins are used for: – Chemical reactions – Structures – Enzymes, Catalyses Protein Synthesis • The DNA unzips(H bonds break between N bases) in a spot that produces a certain protein. • Transcription-mRNA copies the chemical message on the coding strand of the DNA • The strands of mRNA then go out to cytoplasm. There is more than one copy of the DNA message • The tRNA is coupling to Amino Acids(19), codon 3 N-base sequence in mRNA, anti-codon is the 1 7 6 2 5 3 4 1.Amino Acid 7.tRNA 6.mRNA 2.Amino Acid Chain 5.Ribosome 3.AntiCodon 4.Codon Protein Synthesis • • • • • • • • • • • A-DNA B-mRNA (Transcription) C-mRNA cytoplasm D-Amino Acid E-tRNA with AA F-Ribosome G-Protein H-Translation I-Anticodon J-Codon K-Cytolasm DNA->RNA->Protein • A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T • UAC GGC AAU CGA UGA UUA • AUG CCG UUA GCU ACU AAU • How to Find the Amino Acid • Check on the chart or tool to see if it is DNA, Codons, or Anticodons. • Circular – Center is where you will find the first N-base – Then go out to the next level for that N-base. In that Quarter of the pie. – Follow the 1/8 pie to the crust for the last Nbase and that is the Amino Acid What Amino Acids form from AAU GGC UAC GGA What Amino acid is coded for with a Nitrogen sequence of: AAT GAT CCG TTA CCA How to find the Amino Acid • Rectangle • Usually the left side is for the first N-base. When that is located this is the row it will be in. • Next N-base is usually across the top, this will further narrow the search to the square. • The last N-base is across the right edge to tell you what N-base you have. Why is protein synthesis so important? • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Protein Synthesis or importance of a single Protein in your own words. Mutant or Not Hero Poison Ivy Powder Puff Girls Wolverine Superman The Hulk Batman Blinky (Simpsons) Wonder Woman Mutant Not Cause of Mutations • Mutagens-agents in the environment that are known to cause changes in the DNA.(nicotine, asbestos, virus, radiation, UV), A test for mutagenic properties is an Ames test. • Nondisjunction is when chromosome fail to separate during either the first or second meiosis. • Translocation is where a broken piece of chromosome is reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome • Genetic predisposition to mutate Mutations • Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence • Germ cell mutation is a mutation that is passed on to the offspring. • Somatic cell mutation is a mutation in body or somatic cells • Lethal mutation is a mutation that causes death • Cancer cells growing out of control Importance of Mutation • Usually a mutant is thought of as something bad, unless it is a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle. • Think about how organisms change and the variation within a population. Go back to the “Black Death” in Europe. How or why did certain people survive? Types of DNA Mutations AUG-CGA-UUG • Point mutation is a substitution of a single nitrogen base in the DNA. AUG-CGAAUG • Frame shift mutation is an insertion, deletion, inversion • AUG-GCG-AUU-G insertion • AUG-GAU-UG- deletion • AUG-AGC-GAU-U inversion Chromosomal Mutations ABCDEFG • Deletion-a section of a chromosome is removed ABDEFG • Insertion-a section of a chromosome is added AFEDCBG • Translocation- a section of one chromosome is added or removed from another • ABCABCDEFG • Inversion-a section of a chromosome is switched in sequence