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The Byzantine Empire and Feudalism Lets Review Rome • At the height of the Roman empire, Rome encompassed the entire Mediterranean Sea • 284 CE- Emperor Diocletian divides the empire into two, maintains control of the wealthier Eastern half (Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt) while the Western half (Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain) continues to decline • Emperor Constantine moves the capital of Rome to the city of Byzantium and renames it Constantinople The Eastern part of the empire is what becomes the Byzantine Empire Constantinople • Strategically located to control trade between Asia and Europe • Destination point on the Silk Road • Protected by water on three sides Byzantine Empire • Byzantine Empire was the “heir to Rome” • Blended Roman, Greek, and other Mediterranean cultures • Was it’s most powerful under Justinian Justinian • Was an autocrat with complete authority • Greatest accomplishments: • Hagia Sophia- Massive church built using Roman architecture techniques • Justinian’s Code- law code for the Byzantine Empire Justinian’s Code of Law Impact on the Byzantine Empire Impact on Medieval Europe Impact on present day Simplified and organized Roman laws, helped unify the empire’s territories Influenced how monarchs made laws to strengthen their power Basic principles of Justinian’s Code have influenced international law systems Impacted English Common Law, which in turn impacted US Law Legacies of the Byzantine Empire • The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman (and in turn, Greek) art, architecture, and writings • Also spread many things to Russia, including Greek Orthodox Christianity (we’ll talk more about this later), the Cyrillic Alphabet, domed architecture, and Hellenistic/Greco-Roman culture. Collapse of the Byzantine Empire • Internal power struggles made the empire weak • The Crusades (which we’ll get to soon) also weakened the empire • Trade shifts to Venice, and Ottoman Turks invade Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul Meanwhile, in Western Europe… • As the power of Rome faded, Europe emerged • Many natural resources in Europe- lumber, rivers, minerals, access to major waterways • However, after Rome the culture of Europe declined • • • • No trade No education Invasions Weak governments led to wars Dark Ages-vs-Medieval Age-vsMiddle Ages • Because things were so turbulent and difficult after the decline of Rome, many people looked back on this time and called it the “dark ages” • Middle ages- time between Classical Age and the Modern Era (Renaissance, Age of Discovery) • Medieval comes from the Latin term for “Middle Age” and refers to the culture that developed from a blend of Greek, Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions Battle of Tours, 732 BCE • Before: The Muslims from the Middle East were spreading their influence across North Africa and into Europe. The predominately Christian Europeans were scared of these foreign beliefs. • During: Europeans banded together under Charles Martel to stop the advance of the Muslim forces in present day Spain • After: Europe remains Christian and develops according to the dominion of the Roman Catholic Church. VS Charlemagne • Grandson of Charles Martel (Charlemagne=Charles the Great) • Spread Christianity throughout his empire • When the Pope asked him for help in suppressing a rebellion, Charlemagne marched his army to Rome. • In gratitude the Pope will crown Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, which angers the Byzantine Emperor Charlemagne’s Legacy • Education- wanted to create a “second Rome”, was determined to revive Latin Learning. Wanted to preserve the records of the nation, set up a school in the palace to educate officials. • Religion- united empire under Christianity • Government- set up a system for strong, efficient government. Worked closely with the Church and took utilized the title of Emperor. Feudal System • Feudalism- a loose system of government in which land is exchanged for service • Feudal contract- the exchange of pledges between lord and vassal • Developed for protection from the constant warring of Medieval Europe (weak/decentralized governments led to violence) Feudal Roles: King- granted large fiefs (estates) to Lords Lords- Exchanged parcels of land to lesser lords in return for service and loyalty Knights- horseback cavalry who fought battles for their lords Serfs- Performed the tasks to maintain the land. Farmed, repair roads, bridges and infrastructure. Bound to the land-not slaves, but not free either System is based on birth, very difficult to move between the classes Knights and Chivalry • Knights- professional class of soldier • Given land by lords for military service • Trained mounted warriors, heavily armored • Identified by a Coat of Arms and a Family Crest • Chivalry- a code of conduct for the warrior class • Bravery • Loyalty • Protect those who are weak (esp. women) Manorialism • Manor- lord’s estate • Were self-sufficient- able to meet their own needs without outside assistance Medieval Christianity • The most powerful force in Medieval Europe was the Roman Catholic Church. • Provided a stable force amid constant warfare and political turmoil • The Church dominated everyday life, played a role in politics, and influenced kings • Was a unifying force: bonded people together, was the center of social life too • During the Middle Ages people believed that they must suffer during life to be rewarded in the afterlife. To reach the afterlife they must receive the Sacraments (rituals). • Also had to pay a tithe (tax) to the church that equaled 1/10 of their income The Roman Catholic Church • The Catholic Church was ruled by the Pope • Hierarchy within the Church: Pope, Cardinals, Arch Bishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priests • The Pope shared political power with secular rulers- kings, monarchs • The Church had the power to punish/influence kings and other individuals • Excommunication- banishment from the Church • Interdiction- denying the performance of sacraments (important religion rituals) in the kingdom more serious because the king’s subjects would fear being doomed to eternal suffering Royalty vs. Clergy • Royalty had tried to maintain the use of Lay Investiture, which means they could appoint the highest members of the Clergy. • The Church said lay people (normal people) should not have such power. • If the royals can choose the priests, they can influence the power of the church, the most powerful entity in all of Medieval Europe This form of Christianity was different than the Christianity that was taking hold in the Byzantine Empire, called Eastern or Greek Orthodox. Roman Catholic vs. Greek Orthodox • Both are Christian, with the same basic beliefs: Roman Catholic Both Greek Orthodox - Believed that Father and Son are equal - Main celebration is Christmas (believed in the immaculate conception) - Speak Latin - Pope has the authority - Priests cannot marry - Jesus - 10 Commandments - Monotheistic - Believed the Father created the Son - Main celebration is Easter (did not believe in the immaculate conception) - Speak Greek - Emperor has the authority to appoint Patriarch to lead church - Priests can marry The Great Schism (1054 CE) • Disagreements between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church led to a schism (split) in 1054 • Leaders of both tried to excommunicate one another • Remained distant from one another through and after the Middle Ages The Crusades (1095-1291 CE) • Muslim warriors were invading the Eastern Christian Byzantine Empire • The Byzantine Emperor turned to the Pope for help, and the Pope called for a Holy War against the Muslim invaders. • Short term cause: Muslims invade Byzantine • Long term causes: Hatred of the Muslims and power struggles in the Middle East • Main Goal: To recapture the Holy Land (Palestine) where Jesus had lived and died Reasons for the Crusades • Increase the power of the Church • Restore all of Christianity to the Papacy (Pope’s control) • Christians believed they would be absolved of sin if they crusaded • Nobles/Kings hoped for new land and riches in the Holy Land • Serfs/Peasants could break Feudal bonds and find freedom by crusading • Merchants profited from the Crusades Although there were between 7 and 12 Crusades in total, only the first 4 had any “success” Victory and Defeat • Only the first Crusade came close to achieving its goal • 1099- Christian Crusaders capture Jerusalem, massacre all Muslim and Jewish inhabitants of the city • Created various crusader states in Palestine • Late 1100s, Seljuk Leader Saladin united most of the Muslim World under his control • Captured Jerusalem back, forbade his soldiers from killing or stealing from defeated Christians and Jews • King Richard II tried to recapture Jerusalem, but was unsuccessful • Roman Christian Crusaders end up attacking Eastern Orthodox Christians in Constantinople Effects of the Crusades • Short term effect- Muslims hold on to the Holy Land • Long term effects: • Hatred between Muslims and Christians • Expanded trade between Europe, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia • New technologies and ideas come to Europe from the advanced Islamic Kingdoms • Sacking of Constantinople by Crusaders weakened the Byzantine Empire • Feudalism is weakened in Europe • Kings become more powerful Changes in Europe • New agricultural techniques and technology (like the iron plow) helped produce more food • New Middle Class develops- merchants, artisans, tradespeople Commercial Revolution • The resurgence of trade into Western Europe led to a fundamental change in European society • New innovations in business • Guilds- trade associations of merchants and artisans • Banks develop • Insurance for businesses • Economy changes from barter to moneybased Changes in Government • Kings begin attempting to centralize and increase their power, using oppressive tactics and harsh methods • Nobles grow tired of this, and force King John of England to sign the Magna Carta, which had two important ideas that would shape the development of England • Nobles have rights • Even the king must obey the law Art & Architecture in the Middle Ages • Most art and architecture in the Middle Ages centered around the Church and faith in God • To please God Medieval clergy and kings built large stone churches. These large churches were done in the Gothic Style . The stone is very heavy and required supports known as flying buttresses. • Inside the churches, stone sculptures and stained glass windows depicted stories from the Bible and the lives of saints The Black Death • As trade increased, diseases began to spread. The worst was the Bubonic Plague, known as the Black Death The Black Death Causes Effects -Trade -Lack of hygiene -Famine and lack of nutrition -1/3 of the population dies -Loss of faith in Church -Serfdom declines