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Bellwork
• Write down two things you know about
Ancient Rome.
• Then, come up with 1 question you have
about Ancient Rome.
World History
Section 3, Unit 6
Ancient Rome p. 1
Objectives
• Identify characteristics of early Roman
civilization
• As a group, map the location of Rome.
• Compare Roman culture to Greek culture.
• Discuss the beginnings of the Republic and
the basic structure of the Roman
government.
• Identify the causes, outcomes, and effects of
the Punic Wars
Review
• In the last Unit, we discussed Greece and
their influences on the modern world.
• What are some concepts from the Greece
unit that you remember?
– What were the two major city-states and how
were they different?
– What influences did the Greeks have on the
rest of the world?
• Government, art, architecture, sports?
Rise of Rome
• While Greece was in decline, a new
civilization to the west was developing and
increasing it’s power.
• The city of Rome would grow from a small
village into a vast empire and adopt much of
Greek influences.
• Despite that, Rome would create a lasting
legacy of it’s own.
Location
West of Greece, Rome is found on the western part
of the Italian Peninsula– midway between the tip
and the Alps. Rome developed there because of it’s
strategic position and fertile soil. It was built on
seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River.
Alps
Romulus and Remus
• According to Roman
legend, in 753 B.C., the
city was founded by
Romulus and Remus,
the twin sons of the
god Mars and a Latin
Princess.
• The infants were
abandoned near the
Tiber River and raised
by a she-wolf.
Romulus and Remus
• When they grew older, the legend says they
would be discovered and raised by a
shepherd into adulthood.
• By the time they became adults, Romulus
founded a new city and, after a
disagreement with his brother over
location, killed Remus and built the city of
Rome.
Reality
• The earliest settlers on the Italian peninsula
arrived in prehistoric times three groups
inhabited the region and eventually battled
for control. They were the:
– Latins
– Greeks
– Etruscans
Reality
• The Latins were farmers and shepherds who
wandered into Italy across the Alps around
1000 B.C.
– They settled on either side of the Tiber River,
which they called Latium. They built the
original settlement of Rome– a cluster of
wooden huts atop one of the several hills in the
area, Palatine Hill. These settlers were the first
Romans.
Reality
• Between 750 B.C. and
600 B.C., Greek
settlers established
colonies south and
interacted with the
Latin peoples.
• To the north were the
Etruscans, who the
Latin’s learned much
of their metalworking
and engineering skills.
Question: Look at these two statues carefully. Are they different?
Zeus
Jupiter
Roman Religion
• Romans borrowed religious ideas from both
the Greeks and Etruscans. The Romans
adopted Etruscan rituals that they believed
helped them win the favor of the Gods.
• Roman gods took the personalities and legends
of the Greek gods. Romans, however, renamed
many of the gods, such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Zeus: Jupiter
Poseidon: Neptune
Hera: Juno
Hermes: Mercury
Athena: Minerva
Hades: Pluto
The Early Republic
• Around 600 B.C., an Etruscan became king.
• However, Rome was not controlled by the
Etruscans.
• Under it’s Etruscan kings, Rome grew from
a collection of hilltop villages to a city that
covered nearly 500 sq. miles.
• Various kings ordered the construction of
Rome’s first temples and public buildings.
The Early Republic
• The last king of Rome was
Tarquin the Proud. He was
a harsh tyrant who was
driven from power in 509
B.C. by Roman aristocrats
and wealthy landowners
who resented him.
• The Romans declared they
would never again be
ruled by a king and swore
to put to death anyone
who plotted to make
himself king.
The Early Republic
• Having disposed of the monarch, the Romans
established a new form of government: a
republic.
• A republic is a form of government in which
the power rests in the citizens who have a right
to vote for their leaders– Roman men in this
case.
• In a republic, a constitution or charter exists to
protect the rights of people from the
government/will of the majority.
The Early Republic
• Rome also had two main social classes:
• Patricians- wealthy landowners who held
most of the power and who inherited their
power
• Plebeians-Common people who made up
most of the population and had the right to
vote; were barred by law from holding the
most important government positions
The Early Republic
• In time, the Senate of Rome allowed the
plebeians to form their assembly, called the
tribune.
• Tribunes protected the rights of plebeians
from unfair acts of patrician officials.
• Overtime, the political power of plebeians
grew.
The Early Republic
• An important victory for
the plebeians was the
creation of a written
code of law.
• In 451 B.C., a group of
officials began writing
down Rome’s laws.
• They insisted on the
idea that all free citizens
had a right of protection
of the law.
The Early Republic
• In place of a king, Rome had two officials
called consuls. They commanded the army
and directed the government. However,
their power was limited.
– A consuls rule was only one year long and the
same person could not be elected consul again
for 10 years.
– As well, one consul could always be vetoed by
the other consul.
The Early Republic
• The Roman senate had both legislative and
administrative functions in the republic. By
tradition, there were 300 members, chosen
from the upper class of Roman society.
– Overtime, however, plebeians would be allowed to
be in the Senate.
• Membership was for life, so the senate
provided continuity and exercised enormous
influence over both foreign and domestic
policy.
The Early Republic
• The Assemblies, that
existed outside of the
Senate, were more
democratic.
• The Centuriate
Assembly was made up
of all citizen-soldiers
appointed consuls and
made laws, but were
weaker than the
Senate
The Early Republic
• The Tribal Assembly
were citizen groups
according to where
they live and are
members for life–
made laws for the
common people
(plebeians).
The Early Republic
Unlike today, the term “dictator” in early
Rome did not have the negative connotation
it does today. The word comes from Latin
dictare.
• In times of crisis, the
republic could appoint a
dictator– a leader who
had absolute power to
make laws and
command the army.
• A dictators power only
lasted for six months.
• Dictators were chosen
by the consuls and then
elected by the senate.
Roman
Government
Mid-Lesson Review
1. What are the two social classes of Rome and
how are they different?
2. What group actually made up the population
of Rome: Etruscans, Latins, or Greeks?
3. What did the Romans borrow from other
cultures?
4. Why did the Roman poor want their laws
written down? What benefit would they gain
from that?
Rome
Executive
Two Consuls–
one year term
Legislative
Senate,
Centuriate and
Tribal assembly
Judicial
8 judges- 1 year
terms- over see
civil and criminal
courts
Legal Code
Tablets with a list of
rules on as the basis of
Rome’s legal system
Citizenship
All adult male
landowners
United States of America
One president,
elected by people4 years
Senate and
House of
Representatives
Supreme Court- 9 justices,
life terms, and hears
highest issues– civil and
criminal cases
U.S. constitution
All native-born or
naturalized persons
Conquerors
• All citizens who
owned land were
required to serve in
the army.
• The military
organization and
fighting skill of the
Roman army were key
factors to Rome’s rise
to greatness.
Conquerors
• Roman power grew
slowly but steadily as
the legions battled for
control of the Italian
peninsula.
• By 265 B.C., the
Romans were masters
of all of Italy.
Conquerors
• Rome had different laws and treatment for
different parts of conquered territory.
• The neighboring Latin’s on the Tiber became
full citizens of Rome. Those farther away could
become citizens, but could not vote.
• Many other groups fell into another category:
allies of Rome.
• Such leniency allowed Rome to build a
successful empire which stretched far beyond
Italy.
Carthage
• Rome’s location gave it easy access to the
riches of the lands near the Mediterranean
Sea.
• They traded Roman wine and olive oil for a
variety of foods, raw materials, and
manufactured goods from other lands.
• However, other large cities on the
Mediterranean interfered with Roman
access to the sea.
Carthage
• Carthage, a city in the
northern most point
of Africa, dominated
the Mediterranean and
attempted to limit
Roman access to the
sea.
• In 264 B.C., Rome and
Carthage went to war
called the Punic Wars.
Carthage
First Punic War
• Between 264 and 146 B.C., Rome and
Carthage fought three wars. The first war
was for control of Sicily and the western
Mediterranean and ended in defeat for
Carthage.
• Rome took the rich, grain-growing island of
Sicily (near the tip of Italy) as a province.
Second Punic War
• The second Punic War
began when Hannibal,
a Carthaginian
general, assembled an
army of 50,000
infantry, 9,000 calvary,
and 60 elephants with
the intent of capturing
Rome
Second Punic War (cont.)
• To surprise the Romans, he led his army on a
long trek from Spain across France and
through the Alps.
• For more than a decade, Hannibal’s forces
marched up and down the peninsula at will.
• Hannibal won his greatest victory at Cannae,
but the Romans regrouped and with the aid of
their allies, stood firm. The Romans prevented
Hannibal from capturing Rome.
Second Punic War
• The Romans finally
found a military leader
to match Hannibal– a
general named Scipio.
• Scipio attacked
Carthage, forcing
Hannibal to return. In
202 B.C., near
Carthage, the Romans
finally defeated
Hannibal’s forces.
Third Punic War
• By the time of the Third Punic War, Carthage
was no longer a threat.
• Yet, some Romans were angered by it’s return
to prosperity. Romans were pushed to believe
that Carthage must be destroyed.
• Between 146-149 B.C., the Romans laid siege to
Carthage, set it afire, and sold it’s 50,000
inhabitants to slavery. The territory Carthage
once held was made a new province of Africa.
Consequences of the Punic Wars
• Rome’s victories gave it dominance over the
western Mediterranean. The Romans went
on to conquer the eastern half.
• They took control of Macedonia, Greece,
and parts of Anatolia (modern day Turkey).
By about 70 B.C., Rome’s Mediterranean
empire stretched from Anatolia to the east
to Spain in the west.
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
• As the Roman Republic grew, it had to
contend now with increased wealth and
power… and problems that it would soon
face.
Closure Questions
1. What did the Romans borrow from the
Greeks and Etruscans?
2. What caused the Punic Wars? What was
the outcome?
3. What did Rome gain from the Punic Wars?
4. What is a “republic”?
5. Why do you think Rome treated some of
those it conquered well?
Review Objectives
• Identify characteristics of early Roman
civilization
• As a group, map the location of Rome.
• Compare Roman culture to Greek culture.
• Discuss the beginnings of the Republic and
the basic structure of the Roman
government.
• Identify the causes, outcomes, and effects of
the Punic Wars
Questions
• If you have any questions, please ask now
Next lesson
• In the next lesson, we will be discussing the
fall of the Republic and the growth of the
Roman Empire.
Review
1. In what two ways was Rome believed to be
founded (i.e.– the mythology v. the reality)?
2. How is the Roman concept of a dictator different
than what we think of a dictator now?
3. Why do you think the plebeians wanted laws to
be written down?
4. What is a republic? Is the United States a
Republic? Why or why not?
5. How did Scipio prevent Hannibal from further
attacking Rome? Explain your answer.
6. What did Rome gain from the Punic Wars? Do
you think it was worth all the trouble to gain this?
7. The Romans treated other conquered peoples
fairly well. Why did you think they were so cruel
to the Carthaginians?