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Atomic Structure Timeline
Democritus (400 B.C.)
• Proposed that matter was
composed of tiny indivisible
particles
• Not based on experimental
data
• Greek: atomos
Alchemy (next 2000 years)
• Mixture of science and mysticism.
• Lab procedures were developed, but alchemists did not
perform controlled experiments like true scientists.
John Dalton (1807)
• British Schoolteacher
– based his theory on others’
experimental data
• Billiard Ball Model
– atom is a
uniform,
solid sphere
John Dalton
Dalton’s Four Postulates
1. Elements are composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical.
Atoms of different elements are different.
3. Atoms of different elements combine together
in simple proportions to create a compound.
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged,
but not changed.
Henri Becquerel (1896)
• Discovered radioactivity
– spontaneous emission of
radiation from the nucleus
• Three types:
– alpha () - positive
– beta () - negative
– gamma () - neutral
J. J. Thomson (1903)
• Cathode Ray Tube
Experiments
– beam of negative particles
• Discovered Electrons
– negative particles within
the atom
• Plum-pudding Model
J. J. Thomson (1903)
Plum-pudding Model
– positive sphere
(pudding) with
negative electrons
(plums) dispersed
throughout
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
• Gold Foil Experiment
• Discovered the nucleus
– dense, positive charge in
the center of the atom
• Nuclear Model
Gold Foil Experiment
• Alpha particles shot
through gold foil.
Most went straight
through. A few were
deflected because
the particle hit the
nucleus of the gold
foil.
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
• Nuclear Model
– dense, positive nucleus surrounded
by negative electrons
Niels Bohr (1913)
• Bright-Line Spectrum
– tried to explain presence
of specific colors in
hydrogen’s spectrum
• Energy Levels
– electrons can only exist in
specific energy states
• Planetary Model
Niels Bohr (1913)
Bright-line spectrum
• Planetary Model
– electrons move in circular
orbits within specific
energy levels
Niels Bohr
Brightline spectrum
Erwin Schrödinger (1926)
• Quantum mechanics
– electrons can only exist in
specified energy states
• Electron cloud model
– orbital: region around the
nucleus where e- are likely
to be found
Erwin Schrödinger (1926)
Electron Cloud Model (orbital)
• dots represent probability of finding an enot actual electrons
James Chadwick (1932)
• Discovered neutrons
– neutral particles in the
nucleus of an atom
• Joliot-Curie
Experiments
– based his theory on their
experimental evidence
James Chadwick (1932)
Neutron Model
• revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
Atomic Structure
I.
Structure of the Atom
I.
Chemical Symbols

Subatomic Particles
A. Chemical Symbols
• Capitals matter!
• Element symbols contain ONE capital
letter followed by lowercase letter(s) if
necessary.
Metal that
forms bright
blue solid
compounds.
Co vs. CO
Poisonous
gas.
B. Subatomic Particles
ATOM
ATOM
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS
PROTONS
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
NEUTRONS
POSITIVE
CHARGE
NEUTRAL
CHARGE
Most of the atom’s mass.
NEGATIVE
CHARGE
NEGATIVE CHARGE
in a neutral atom
Atomic Number
equals the # of...
B. Subatomic Particles
• Quarks
– 6 types
• 3 quarks = 1
proton or 1
neutron
He
Ch. 10 - Atomic Structure
II. Electron Cloud Model

Orbital

Energy Levels

Bohr Model Diagrams
A. Orbital
• Region where there is 90% probability of
finding an electron.
 Can’t pinpoint the
location of an
electron.
 Density of dots
represents degree
of probability.
A. Orbital
• Orbitals have different shapes.
B. Energy Levels
• Electrons can only exist at
certain energy levels.
• Low energy levels are close
to the nucleus.
• Each energy level (n) can
hold 2n2 electrons.
C. Bohr Model Diagrams
• Simplified energy levels using Bohr’s
idea of circular orbits.
Lithium
Atomic #: 3
Mass:
7
# of p:
# of e:
# of n:
3
3
4
een np n
pn p
e-
Can replace with:
3p
4n
Maximum eLevel 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
2e8e18e32e-
Atomic Structure
III. Masses of Atoms

Atomic Mass

Mass Number

Isotopes
A. Atomic Mass
• atomic mass unit (u or amu)
• 1 u = 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom
 1 proton = 1 u
1 neutron = 1 u
 1 u = 1.67  10-24 g
© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
B. Mass Number
• Sum of the protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
of an atom.
 Always a whole
number.
© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
 # of neutrons = mass # - atomic #
C. Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element with
different numbers of neutrons.
 Isotope symbol or
Nuclear Symbol:
Mass #
Atomic #
“Carbon-12”
12
6
C
Practice
• Element
Magnesium
Cobalt
Nuclear
Symbol
Hyphen
Notation
Practice
• There are three isotopes of the element
carbon:
Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
The numbers 12, 13,14 represent what?
C. Isotopes
© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
C. Isotopes
• Average Atomic Mass
– reported on Periodic Table
– weighted average of all isotopes
Avg.
(mass # )(# of atoms)  (mass # )(# of atoms)
Atomic 
total # of atoms
Mass
C. Isotopes
• EX: About 8 out of 10 chlorine atoms are
chlorine-35. Two out of 10 are chlorine-37.
Avg.
(35 u)(8 atoms)  (37 u)(2 atoms)
 35.4 u
Atomic 
10 atoms
Mass
Families of Elements
• Elements are classified into three
categories
A. Metals
–Shiny solids; good conductors of
heat and electricity
• B. Nonmetals
all found on the right side of the
periodic table (except for Hydrogen)
Can be solids, liquids, or gases
• Semiconductors or metalloids
non metals that can conduct heat and
electricity
Ch. 10 - The Periodic Table
I. History of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev
Mosely
A. Dmitri Mendeleev
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian)
• Organized elements by
increasing atomic mass.
• Predicted the existence of
undiscovered elements.
B. Henry Mosely
• Henry Mosely (1913, British)
• Organized elements by
increasing atomic number.
• Fixed problems in Mendeleev’s
arrangement.
Ch. 10 - The Periodic Table
II. Organization
Metallic Character
Rows & Columns
Table Sections
A. Metallic Character
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids
B. Table Sections
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
• Representative Elements
• Transition Metals
• Inner Transition Metals
B. Table Sections
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Overall Configuration
Lanthanides - part of period 6
Actinides - part of period 7
C. Columns & Rows
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
• Group (Family)
• Period
Ch. 10 - The Periodic Table
III. Periodic Trends
Terms
Periodic Trends
Dot Diagrams
A. Terms
• Periodic Law
• Properties of elements repeat
periodically when the elements
are arranged by increasing
atomic number.
A. Terms
• Valence Electrons
– e- in the outermost energy level
 First Ionization Energy
• energy required to remove an efrom a neutral atom
B. Periodic Trends
• Atomic Radius
• Increases to the LEFT and DOWN.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B. Periodic Trends
• First Ionization Energy
• Increases to the RIGHT and UP.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B. Periodic Trends
• Which atom has the larger radius?
•Be or Ba
Ba
•Ca or Br
Ca
B. Periodic Trends
• Which atom has the higher 1st I.E.?
•N or Bi
N
•Ba or Ne
Ne
B. Periodic Trends
• Group # = # of valence e- (except He)
– Families have similar reactivity.
• Period # = # of energy levels
1A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8A
2A
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
C. Dot Diagrams
• Dots represent the valence e-.
• EX: Sodium
 EX: Chlorine
Families of elements
Families of elements
• Group one: Alkali Metals
- Soft, shiny, reacts violently with
water
- Has one valence electron that can
be easily removed to form a cation
Example: Sodium ( Na+ )
Families of elements
• Group 2:Alkaline earth metals
- have 2 valence electrons
- do not react as violently
- will give up 2 electrons and make a
cation
Example: Calcium ( Ca2+ )
Chapter 4:
Families of elements
Families of elements
• Group 13 (3A) is the Boron Family
- This group is a mixture of
metalloids and metals
-Have 3 valence electrons
Families of elements
• Group 14 (4A) is the Carbon Family
- This group is a mixture of metals,
nonmetals and metalloids
- Have 4 valence electrons
Families of elements
• Group 15 (5A) is the Nitrogen Family
- This family is a mixture of
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
- Have 5 valence electrons
Families of elements
• Group 16 (6A) is the Oxygen Family
- This group has 6 valence electrons
- This family is a mixture of metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids
Families of elements
• Group 17 (7A) are the Halogens
This group is very reactive.
This group is all nonmetals and has
7 valence electrons.
Nonmetals gain electrons to form
negative ions called anions.
Example: Chlorine (Cl- )
Families of elements
• Group 18 (8A) are the Noble Gases
This group has 8 valence electrons
They exist as single atom gases.
They are un-reactive.