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SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW Everything you wanted to know and then some….. GENERAL INFORMATION • 60 Questions • 10 are research questions. • You must answer 34 correctly to pass. • You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass THE BREAKDOWN • Scientific Investigation- 11 • Life at Molecular and Cellular Level- 14 • Life at Systems and Organism Level- 14 • Research questions-10 SOME STRATEGIES • Four responses: The right one, the two really wrong ones and the distractor. • The distractor is almost right. It is basically a trick. More Strategies • The incredible POE : PROCESS OF ELIMINATION BOTTOM LINE • ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS • GO AHEAD AND GUESS! SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS UNIT ONE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • Observationsgathering data using your senses. • Quantitative observations: Use numbers • Qualitative Observations: Describe things SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • INFERENCES: gathering data based on previous knowledge SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • USING APPROPRIATE SOURCES SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • HYPOTHESIS – an educated guess Must be in IF,Then format • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- the thing that changes in an experiment SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The thing that is changed by the experimentwhat will you measure? SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • CONTROL- The variables are compared to the control. For example, the sugar pill given to a group of people SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • SCIENTIFIC • • • • • METHOD- a way to standardize the science5 steps 1. Ask a question 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Do the experiment 4. Gather data 5. Draw Conclusions SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION • GRAPHING- the independent variable goes on the X axis • The dependent variable goes on the Y axis UNIT TWO: BIOCHEMISTRY “I thought this was Biology?” MOLECULES OF LIFE • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: • MUST HAVE CARBON IN THEM • Exception is CO (carbon monoxide) MOLECULES OF LIFE • • • • Four Types: PROTEINSMade from amino acids Used for repair, building and structure • Test: Biuret’s Solution • Made by the Ribosome • Examples: any meat, hair nails MOLECULES OF LIFE • PROTEINS• ENZYMES- special • • • • type of protein Speed up reactions Affected by temp. and pH Have an active site. Lock and Key theory MOLECULES OF LIFE • Carbohydrates: • Two types: • Simple- sugars like those • • • • in juice or candy Complex: like pasta or bagels 2:1 ratio of C to H Test with Benedicts Used for energy MOLECULES OF LIFE • LIPIDS: • Fats, Waxes and Oils • Saturated- are solid at room temp. Like butter • Unsaturated- liquid at room temp.- olive oil • Test: brown paper • Used for long term storage of energy MOLECULES OF LIFE • NUCLEIC ACIDS• Hereditary material • Examples: DNA, RNA • Made up of nucleotides THE CELL!!! Unit 3 CELLS • HISTORY: • Hooke- named Cells, Cells. Observed cork. • Leewenhookdeveloped the microscope CELLS • SCHLEIDEN- says all plants are made of cells • SCHWANN-all animals are made of cells. • VIRCHOW-Cells come from other cells. CELLS • CELL THEORY• 1. Cells are the basic unit of life. • 2. Cells come from pre-existing cells • 3.All organisms are made from one or more cells CELLS • • • • TWO BASIC TYPES 1. Prokaryotes Simple No nucleus or organelles • Example Bacteria :Kingdom Monera • PRO THINK NO!! Cells • • • • • 2. Eukaryotes: Has a nucleus Has organelles More complex Came from prokaryotes • Examples: Humans, protists PLANT CELLS • Have a cell Wall • Have a HUGE vacuole- store water • Have a Cell Plate in cell division • Are usually rectangular • Chloroplasts Animal Cells • Have Centrioles • Cell Membranes • May have Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia ORGANELLES • Small specialized structures that have special functions within cells. ORGANELLES • Nucleus- brain of cell • Nucleolous- inside nucleus- makes ribosomes • Chromosomes- inside nucleus- made of DNA- heredity • Mitochondriapowerhouse of the cell ORGANELLES • Lysosome- cleans up the cell • Ribosome- makes protein • Cytoplasm- jelly like stuff inside the cell • E.R.- smooth or rough-with ribosomestransport ORGANELLES • Golgi body or apparatus- packages things • Vacuole- storage CELL MEMBRANE • Fluid Mosaic Model• Bilayer • Made of Phospholipids • Lipids on the insidehydrophobic • Phosphates on the outside- hydrophillic CELL MEMBRANE • Purpose: Gate keeper • Semi-Permeablelet’s some things in keeps others out GETTING THINGS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE • Holes in the membrane let some things in and out with no problem- like O2 and water • The Proteins help get bigger things across the membrane. Cell Transport • TWO TYPES • PASSIVE- no energy required. • Examples include Diffusion CELL TRANSPORT • OSMOSIS-diffusion with water- passive transport CELL TRANSPORT • ACTIVE TRANSPORTrequires energy • Used to get large molecules into and out of the cell. • Proteins act as channels/tunnels Cell Transport • EXOCYTOSISgetting things OUT of the cell CELL TRANSPORT • ENDOCYTOSISgetting things INTO the cell CELL ENERGY Photosynthesis and Respiratioin Unit FOUR CELL ENERGY • CELL RESPIRATION: • Done by all cells • Done in the mitochondriapowerhouse of the cell. • Method by which the cell gets energy. • ATP- Unit of Energy • C6H12O6 + O2-> ATP CELL ENERGY • Two types of Cell • • • • • Respiration: AEROBICUses oxygen Is more efficient-> 32 ATPS ANAEROBIC- No oxygen Less efficient-> 8 ATPS ANAEROBIC vs. AEROBIC • • • • • ANAEROBIC: No oxygen Done by yeast Inefficient Produces Alcohol or CO2 • • • • AEROBIC: Oxygen Efficient Produces ATPs Cell Respiration Steps • Glycolysis: break sugar down into pyruvic acid. • This happens in BOTH anaerobic and aerobic respiration. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Done by plants. • Done in the chloroplast. • CO2 + H2O with sunlight ---- C6H12O6 + O2 RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Take home Message • They are called complementary or opposite reactions to each other. WHY? Because the reactants of one are the products of the other. CELL REPRODUCTION UNIT 5 CELL CYCLE • INTERPHASE: longest part of cell cycle. Includes: • G1- growth phase • S- synthesis phasesDNA is replicated here • G2- second growth phase CELL CYCLE • After interphase there is the M phase. • M=Mitosis/ Meiosis This is when the cell actually divides. CELL CYCLE • MITOSIS: • Occurs in body (somatic) cells, in bacteria or some protists • Only one parent cell • End up with two identical daughter cells. CELL CYCLE • Mitosis: • Different Phases- these just tell you what the chromosomes are doing. • Prophase- chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears • Metaphasechromosomes line up in middle CELL CYCLE • MITOSIS: • Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of cell • Telophase: the cell forms a cleavage furrow and begins to split. CELL CYCLE • MEIOSIS: Occurs in gametes- sex cellseggs and sperm ONLY!!! • End up 4 Haploid ( only half the number of chromosomes) cells. • Two Divisions CELL DIVISON • MITOSIS • In body cells • End up with 2 • MEIOSIS • In sex cells • End up with 4 identical diploid cells • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase • Cytokinesis haploid cells • Goes through 2 divisions GENETICS!! Unit 6 DNA • The take home message! • DNA contains all the • • • • information to create proteins. DNA is found in every living cell. DNA is in the nucleus DNA can be used to identify any organism It is amazing!! NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA- Deoxyribonucleic • • • • Acid. Made up of nucleotidesconsist of nitrogen base and sugar and phosphate Double stranded- double helix- twisted ladder Rungs are nitrogen bases (ATCG) Sides are sugars and phosphates • RNA- Ribonucleic acid: • Single stranded • Made from nucleotides • Bases are: AUGC HISTORY • Rosalind Franklin used X- Rays to held determine DNA shape • Watson and Crick Discovered DNA • Chargaff’s rulesA&T, C&G DNA REPLICATION • Only molecule in the • • • • universe to do this 1. The Hydrogen bonds break and the DNA unzips. 2. Free floating nucleotides fill in 3. The sides re-form Replication happens during the S phase of Interphase in the cell cycle. Protein Synthesis • DNA directs protein synthesis. • Two parts: • Transcription: mRNA is formed from information from DNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus. • Codons- three bases= an amino acid Protein Synthesis • 2. Translation: The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Then tRNA brings matching anti-codons to the mRNA. • This forms amino acids • Groups of amino acids = protein DNA TECHNOLOGY • We Can’t clone Humans • We can clone some animals • Human Genome Project- effort to sequence human DNA Genetics • Mutations: errors in the DNA that can result in disease. • Examples: PKUcan’t metabolize an amino acid • Sickle-Cell Anemia • Tay Sachs Chromosome Structure • DNA is tightly coiled to form a Chromosome • Humans have 46 chromosomes. • The chromosome has genes on it. • Genes are packets of information. Chromosomes • Karyotype- the way chromosomes are organized on paper. Done by size- biggest to smallest. • Used to determine if too many or few, and any problems Genetics • Traitscharacteristics that are inherited • Half of DNA comes from mom, half from dad. • This is why you can have your moms smile and dad’s eyes. Genetics History • Mendel- Father of • • • • • genetics A monk who worked with pea plants Came up with three laws 1. Law of Dominanceone “gene” is dominant over another 2. Law of Segregationgenes separate 3.Law of Independent Assortment- genes are shuffled Genetics Vocabulary • Alleles- different forms of the same gene • Phenotype- the physical appearance of a trait • Genotype- the genetic makeup of a trait Genetic Vocabulary • Homozygous- same genes for a trait. Ex. TT or tt • Heterozygous- different genes for a trait. Ex. Tt • P1- first generation or parent • F1- second or filial generation - offspring Genetics • Punnet Square- a table used to show all possible outcomes from a mating Genetics • PEDIGREE-a chart used to track a trait through generations. Genetics • Incomplete DominanceBlending of traits ex. Pink flowers blend with red flowers to form pink • Co Dominance : Equal expression of two alleles ex. Blood type Taxonomy Unit 7 TAXONOMY • Science of naming and classifying organisms. • Each level of organization is called a taxon • Linneaus- father of taxonomy Taxonomy • • • • • • • • • The taxa: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Goes from broadest to most specific Taxonomy • Binomial nomenclature: fancy way of saying two name naming system. • We use genus species • Homo Sapien Taxonomy • • • • • KINGDOMS: Animalia Plantae Monera- bacteria Protist- paramecium, amoeba • Fungi- mushrooms Taxonomy • Organisms grouped by structural, biochemical, locomotive behavioral and genetic similarities. • As you go from kingdom to species, the creatures are more similar. Taxonomy • Homologous structures- similar and have a common ancestor. EX. The wings of birds and bats. The actual physical structure is similar. Taxonomy • Analogous Structures • Strucures that provide the same function- but DO NOT have a common ancestor. • EX. Bird and winset wings EVOLUTION Unit 8 EVOLUTION • Change over time • Gradualism- change takes place over millions of years • Punctuated EquilibriumEverything stable for a long while then a sudden change then stable again EVOLUTION • Darwin- came up with Natural Selection- the idea that organisms gradually change by adapting to their environment so they have a better chance for survival. • Survival of the Fittest EVOLUTION • Geographic Isolation- New species develops because part of the population becomes isolated and develops different features. • Ex. Darwin’s finches ECOLOGY Unit 9 ECOLOGY • Biosphere 8km above and 8km below the surface of Earh • Ecosystem- all living and non-living parts of an area • Community: All living parts of an area ECOLOGY • Population: one particular group of organisms within an area. • Biotic: any living thing • Abiotic: any non-living thing • Biome: an area determined by climate ex. Desert, ocean ECOLOGY • Succession: replacement of one community for another • Primary succession/ pioneer community: first organisms into an area- Ex. Mosses, lichens ECOLOGY • Secondary succession: a community is replaced by another one due to some natural disasterflood, fire ECOLGY • Carrying Capacity: The number of organisms an area can support Makes an S shaped curve. ECOLOGY • Exponential growth: organisms growing without any limits • Curve goes straight up. ECOLOGY • NICHE: the job or role an organism has in an ecosystem • Producer: plantsanything that makes it’s own food (autotroph) • Consumer: anything that has to get it’s own food. ECOLOGY • DECOMPOSERS: Take care of all the dead organic matter • Ex. Bacteria/ fungi ECOLOGY • Synbiosis: a close • • • • personal relationship between two or more organisms 3 Types: Mutualism: both benefit ex. Bees and flowers Parasitism: one harms the other- Dog and flea Commensalism- one benefits the other is neither harmed nor benefitted ex. Whales and barnacles ECOLOGY • Predator/Prey – Lions and zebras • Boom/Bust curve- as one increases, the other decreases. ECOLOGY • Food Chain- two or three organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy • Food Web- many organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem ECOLOGY • Ecology Pyramidsshow you biomass or energy flow. • Plants make up the most biomass and have the most energy