Download Semester 1 Final Exam Review Terms, people, and

AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Semester 1 Final Exam Review Terms, people, and theories to know
Unit 1: History and perspectives
Terms to know
People to know
empiricism
Aristotle—monoist
functionalism
Calkins, Mary—first female president of APA (1905)
Gestalt
Darwin—natural selection theory adds to nature argument and eugenics movement
introspection
Descartes—dualist, believed mind’s eye is in the pineal gland
natural selection
Dix, Dorothea—write book about mentally ill and need for reform of mental institutions
nature vs. nurture debate
Freud, Sigmund—father of psychoanalysis
psychology
Galton, Sir Francis—eugenicist argues intelligence is genetic
repression
Hall, G. Stanley—first PhD in USA in psychology
stimuli
James, William—1st psych text book, father of functionalism, mentors Mary Calkins at Harvard
structuralism
Locke, John—helps establish empiricism and argues Blank Slate idea of human mind
trephination (Drilling holes into skull to release
demons)
Maslow, Abraham—humanist
Neisser, Ulric—cognitive theorist
unconscious mind
Plato—dualist (mind and body separate)
applied research
Rogers, Carl—humanist
basic research
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
behavior genetics
Titchener, Edward—father of structuralism
Biopsychosocial approach
Washburn, Margaret—1st PhD in psychology, wrote book “The animal mind”
eclectic approach
Watson, John—father of behaviorism; little Albert experiment
levels of analysis
Wundt. Wilhelm—1st psych. lab, father of structuralism
Subfields in psychology:
Werthiemer, Max—father of Gestalt

biological, developmental, cognitive
personality, social
Professions in psychology:

counselor, clinical, psychiatrist
Perspectives of psychology
 Behaviorism
Attkinson & Shiffrin—early 3-box model of memory
Baddeley, Alan—improved 3 box model of memory includes automatic processing and
converts short-term memory to “working memory” tying incoming sensory stimuli to stored
memories
Bower, Gordon—value of hierarchies for memory
Ebbinghaus, Herman—forgetting and rehearsal curves
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Biopsychology
Loftus, Elizabeth—lost in the mall, misinformation effect, memory construction, repressed
memories
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Cognitive
Miller, George—7 +/- 2 rule for short-term memory
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Evolutionary
Schacter, Daniel—7 sins of memory (why we forget things)
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Humanist
Sperling, George—iconic memory studies
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Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
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Sociocultural
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
I. Types of memory, making memory
acoustic encoding
aplysia snail (study shows classical conditioning and LTP change that occurs with associative learning)
automatic processing
central executive processor
chunking
cocktail party effect
Ebbinghaus’ retention curve
echoic memory
effortful processing (person makes concerted effort through rehearsal, mnemonics, hierarchies, semantic learning to learn information)
eidetic memory
encoding
episodic memory
flashbulb memory
hierarchies
iconic memory
imagery
implicit memory
long-term memory
method of loci
memory
mnemonics
mood congruent memory
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
peg word
positive transfer
priming
procedural memory
recognition vs. recall
retrieval
self-reference effect
semantic encoding
sensory memory
short-term memory
spacing effect
state-dependent memory
storage
visual encoding
von Restorff effect (we remember unusual words that appear in a long list of words or things that stand out in a crowd)
working memory
FORGETTING & MISREMEMBERING
Alzheimer’s –ACh, plaques
amnesia
anterograde amnesia—can’t make new memories (ALA HM after having hippocampus severed)
déjà vu
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
infantile amnesia
misinformation effect
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
motivated forgetting
next-in-line effect
proactive interference
reconstructive memory
repression
retrograde amnesia –can’t remember the old!
retroactive interference—new info. interferes with ability to access old
rosy retrospection
selective attention
serial position effect
source amnesia
Brain and physiology – role of each of the following in forming or creating or corrupting/losing memories
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amygdala—route for emotional memories
cerebellum—route for procedural memories (implicit memories)
frontal lobe—home of episodic memories
hippocampus—route for short-term episodic and declarative memories (explicit memories)
long-term potentiation—neural change that occurs due to frequent firings of neurons; allows for learning
parietal lobe
sleep and memory—sleep necessary for storing memories
stress hormones—adrenalin, cortisol can make flashbulb memories of emotional events BUT can corrupt hippocampus over time
temporal lobe
Unit 2 Research Methods
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
I.
Research Methods (Mod 2)
applied vs. basic research
case study
cohort
cohort sequential
confounding variables
control group
correlation (negative vs. positive)
correlation coefficient
counterbalancing
critical thinking
cross-sectional study
dependent vs. independent variable
double-blind
experiment—lab vs. field
experimenter bias
experimental group
false consensus effect
group matching
Hawthorne effect—fact that you have been chosen for an experiment/research study makes you behave differently than you would otherwise
(condfounding variable)
hindsight bias
hypothesis
illusory correlation
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
longitudinal study
naturalistic observation
null hypothesis
operational definitions
participant relevant vs. situation relevant variable
placebo
population
random assignment
random sample
representative sample
replication (ability to redo a study and get same results—important element for proving reliability of data and conclusions)
sampling
single-blind procedure
social desirability
stratified sample
survey method
theory
II.
Ethical guidelines (Mod 2)
animal vs. human subjects
debriefing of subjects
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
informed consent
III. Statistics (Mod 3)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Descriptive statistics
histogram
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
negative vs. positive skew
outliers
Measures of variability
Normal curve
Percentiles
Range
Standard deviation
Variance
Z-scores
correlation coefficient
scatterplot
line of best fit
Inferential statistics
p value
statistical significance
Reliability
split half
test-retest
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
alternate form
Validity
concurrent
content/face
construct
predictive
Unit 3: Neuropsychology
Neurons & neurotransmission –
direction of flow = in dendrite, cell body (soma), out axon through terminal buttons
myelin sheath – speeds transmission (problem in multiple sclerosis is that the sheath breaks down communication between brain/spine and muslces)
Nodes of Ranvier (only on myelinated axons)
Afferent neurons (sensory—receive incoming stimuli)
Efferent neurons (motor—send outgoing messages from interneurons to muscles)
Interneurons (CNS—internal communication of brain and spine)
mirror neurons
Long-term potentiation
synapse (gap/cleft)
Action potential
Resting potential – neg. charge inside neuron (-70 mV)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
All-or-none principle
Refractory period
depolarization, hyperpolarization, repolarization
Neurotransmitters—Excitatory/inhibitory
 Acetylcholine (ACh) (lost in Alzheimers, too much if bitten by black widow because spider’s venom is agonist for ACh, not enough if use botox because
botox is antagonist for ACh)
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Dopamine (the happy neurotransmitter—it is released when we are doing something that makes us feel good –e.g. sex, eating, pursuit of a goal, also
functions to keep you alert, focused…cocaine is dopamine agonist that causes abnormally high amounts of dopamine to hang out in brain because the
cocaine binds to axon’s reuptake valves; amphetamines/speed are also dopamine agonists—make person very alert, Ritalin used to treat ADHD
agonist for dopamine helps ADHD people focus…..TOO MUCH linked with schizophrenia, TOO LITTLE linked with nervous disorder Parkinson’s disease)

GABA—major inhibitory, calms the nervous system by inhibiting action potentials
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serotonin—mood, sleep, appetite, memory (deficient in people with anxiety or depression)
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endorphins (mnemonic end your pain, the body’s natural morphine makes you feel REALLY GOOD, released during sex, eating spicy food, extreme
exercise, major injury to aid in survival—heroine and other opiates (e.g. codeine, morphine, opium) are agonists for endorphins Because brain is
getting flooded with endorphins, over time neurons will stop producing endorphins so person is left with lower levels than before taking the drug—
this causes withdrawal symptoms)
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glutamate—major excitatory, memory and learning (mnemonic--acts as glue for learning) TOO MUCH liked with headaches
agonists (make neurons fire—they are chemicals so similar in structure to natural neurotransmitters that they either bind to dendritic receptors causing action
potential OR they prevent reuptake of brain’s neurotransmitters by binding to axon’s reuptake valves)
antagonists (make neurons NOT fire by binding to dendritic receptors and blocking them off from brain’s natural neurotransmitters—think antagonist from
literature, stirring up trouble by blocking up all the locks in doors so nobody can get in and there isn’t any action)
reuptake and reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs—prevent reputake of serotonin to help people with depression or anxiety)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
CNS – brain & spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system –
autonomic & somatic
autonomic – parasympathetic (parachute calms you) & sympathetic (amps you up for flight or fight)
Brain How to study – lesions (Phineas Gage), HM case study, split brain patients, lobotomy
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EEG – brain wave activity
CAT or CT scan – x-rays of structure
MRI - structure
PET – radioactive glucose measures activity
fMRI – structure & activity
Hindbrain
medulla – breathing
pons – arousal, sleep
cerebellum –movement, procedural/implicit memory
Midbrain
reticular formation (or reticular activating system/RAS) arousal, attention (mnemonic--tickle!)
Forebrain (includes limbic system AHH!)Thalamus – sensory switchboard
Hypothalamus – regulator, director of pituitary, metabolism, endocrine system
Amygdala – emotional core, linked with traumatic, emotional memories, flight or fight response, aggression
Hippocampus – encoding memory
Cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain—contains all lobes, gyra folds, and association areas)
Hemispheric specialization or lateralization
split-brain studies (severed corpus callosum)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Association areas (not involved in sensation or motor function; parts of cortex responsible for language, comprehension)
Contralateral control (right brain controls left side of body and vice versa)
Funky Moms Smoke Pot On Thursdays (names of the lobes and cortices and their primary functions and what results form damage to tehse areas))
Broca’s area and aphasia (it’s broken so I can’t talk)
Wernicke’s area and aphasia (its wrecked so I speak gibberish and have trouble understanding language)
prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces due to injury to right temporal lobe)
angular gyrus (language comprehension)
corpus callosum (connects 2 hemispheres)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Unit 4 Development and nature nurture debate
behavior geneticists
identical (monozygotic) vs. fraternal twins
molecular genetics
temperament
chromosomes (how many and what are they?)
heritability
DNA
evolutionary psychology
Genes and gene complexes
natural selection
human genome
mutations
culture
testosterone
norms
hermaphrodite/intersex
individualism
in utero
collectivism
gender roles
genotype
androgeny
phenotype
gender identity
epigenome
gender-typed
gender and aggression rates
social learning theory on gender
male answer syndrome
gender schema theory
zygote
reflexes
embryo
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rooting—try to suckle if cheek stroked
fetus
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sucking
teratogen
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Moro—startle reflex
in utero
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Babinski—toes spread out if bottom foot stroked
FAS (Fetal alcohol syndrome)
habituation
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
milestones
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physical
social
mental
language
maturation
gross motor skills vs. fine motor
skills
Piaget cognitive
development
schemas
attachment
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secure attachment
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authoritarian
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insecure attachment
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authoritative
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permissive
assimilate
accommodate
sensorimotor stage
object permanence
preoperational stage
parenting styles
o
avoidant
o
ambivalent/anxious
o
RAD
imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)
critical period (vision, speech?)
autism
egocentric thinking
Asperger syndrome (part of
autism spectrum—higher
functioning than severe autism)
theory of mind
separation anxiety (Ainsworth strange
situation)
false belief test
self concept
concrete operational stage
principle of conservation
formal operational stage
Vygotsky’s mental
scaffolding and zone of
proximal development
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
adolescence
primary sex characteristics—female
vs. male
secondary sex characteristics—
female vs. male
menarche
spermarche
neural pruning
frontal lobe growth
Kohlberg’s theory of moral
development
preconventional morality
conventional morality
postconventional morality
moral relativism (it depends…)
Erikson’s psychosocial
development theory
Freud’s psychosexual
theory of development
trust vs. mistrust
oral stage
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
anal stage
initiative vs. guilt
phallic stage
industry vs. inferiority
latency
identity vs. role confusion
genital stage
intimacy vs. isolation
erogenous zones
generativity vs. stagnation
libido
ego integrity vs. despair
penis envy
self-esteem
castration complex
inferiority complex
womb envy
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
moral absolutism (there is an
absolute right or wrong, regardless
of circumstances)
empathy
menopause
crystallized intelligence
andropause
fluid intelligence
Alzheimer’s disease
social clock
dementia
rite of passage
cross-sectional study
continuity vs. stage theory
longitudinal study
stability vs. change
anal fixations
anal retentive
anal expulsive
oral fixations
id vs. ego battle
id traits
ego traits
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Unit 5: Sensation and perception
mechanical energy
neural energy
transduction
bottom-up vs. top-down processing
sensory compensation
sensory adaptation
selective attention
inattentional blindness
change blindness
change deafness
choice blindness
choice blindness-blindness
pop-out phenomenon
top-down processing
phantom sensations
absolute thresholds for each sense
psychophysics
subliminal messages
difference threshold (JND)
Weber’s law
signal detection theory
perceptual set
perceptual adaptation
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
context effects
human factors
ESP
telepathy
clairvoyance
precognition
psychokinesis
Figure-ground
Gestalt rules of grouping
 proximity
 similarity
 continuity
 closure
 connectedness
Perceptual Constancies
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size
shape
brightness
the Ponzo illusion
role of culture on illusions
lightness and
color constancies
Depth perception
Visual cliff experiments– crawlers have perception of depth Binocular cues (both eyes needed for these cues)
 binocular (or retinal) disparity
 convergence (muscle movement)
Monocular cues (can perceive as well with one eye as with two)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
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Linear perspective
Relative size
Interposition
Texture gradient
Shadowing
relative motion (parallax)
relative height
Illusions
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Visual capture
Muller-Lyer (lines with arrows) – culture affects perception
phi phenomenon (blinking lights appear to travel)
stroboscopic movement (flip books, cartoons)
McGurk effect
Vision
accommodation
cornea
pupil
iris
lens
retina
rods
cones
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
optic nerve
fovea
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) – region in thalamus for vision
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Occipital lobes
blind spot
Hubel & Wiesel – feature detectors
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Opponent-process theory – afterimages (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)
color constancy
nature of light waves (wavelength, hue, intensity)
acuity
color blindness
nearsightedness
narsightedness
Audition
nature of audio waves: amplitude and frequency
Anatomy of ear
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
pinna
auditory canal
ear drum (tympanic membrane)
ossicles—hammer, anvil, stirrup
oval window
cochlea
organ of Corti
basilar membrane
semicircular canals
auditory nerve
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
temporal lobe
Place theory – hairs react to certain frequencies in a certain place
Frequency theory – hairs fire at different rates to match frequency
Hearing loss & restoration
conduction hearing loss
sensorineural hearing loss
cochlear implants
tinnitus
Touch & Pain
basic 4 sensations that the skin detects
rubber hand illusion
hyperalgesia
congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA)
Melzack’s gate-control theory of pain
endorphins in regards to pain
taper-down treatment
Lamaze method
3D virtual realities
gustation—sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
olfaction—olfactory bulb
sensory interaction
Vestibular (balance – semicircular canals) & kinesthetic (body position, orientation)
Sleep
circadian rhythm
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
owl vs. lark
superchiasmatic nucleus
pineal gland
melatonin—darkness signals pineal to make more, lightness signals less
adenosine—builds throughout day makes tired at night
Sleep cycle
Sleep onset
Stages 1-4
REM sleep
alpha waves
theta waves
delta waves
sleep spindles
hypnagogic sensations
paradoxical sleep
REM paralysis
Progression of sleep cycle in typical night’s sleep
Sleep disorders
insomnia
somnambulism
night terrors
sleep talking
narcolepsy
enuresis
sleep apnea
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Dream theories
Psychoanalytic theory:
 manifest content
 latent content
activation-synthesis theory
information-processing theory
housekeeping hypothesis
Drugs
psychological vs. physiological addiction
misconceptions about addiction
categories of drugs & their properties
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stimulants (cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, speed)
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depressants (barbiturates, valium, xanax, anxiolytics)
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opioids (special category of depressants—morphine, codeine, heroine, opium)
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hallucinogens (LSD, shrooms, marijuana, ectasy)
tolerance
reverse tolerance
withdrawal
agonists (cocaine dopamine reuptake inhibitor agonist; heroine endorphin agonist)
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
How we think:
concepts
Other flaws with heuristics
schemata (Piaget’s theory)
images
1.
overconfidence
2.
belief bias
3.
belief perseverance
prototypes
a.
Corneille’s experiment with ethnically mixed faces
Problem solving
1. algorithm
2.
3.
heuristic—Tversky and Kahneman
a.
availability
b.
representativeness
insight
Common weaknesses in problem solving
1.
a.
role of right temporal lobe
b.
role of unconscious processing
functional fixedness
2.
confirmation bias
3.
framing
Perils and powers of intuition

a.
rigidity (AKA mental set)
chicken sexers
Creative thinking

Divergent thinking – multiple possible answers

Convergent thinking - synthesis
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Parts of language:

phonemes

morphemes

syntax
Timeline of language acquisition—infancy through
childhood
 receptive language

productive language

babbling stage
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holophrastic stage
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telegraphic stage
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3-word stage

overgeneralization/overregularization (supports
Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition)
2.
Skinner’s operant theory
a.
association
b.
reinforcement
c.
imitation
a.
inborn universal grammar
b.
language acquisition device
c.
surface structure and deep structure
Critical period for language—is there one?
Reciprocal nature of language, thinking, learning & culture
1.
Whorf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis (AKA linguistic relativity hypothesis)
2.
Cultural influence on language
3.
Imagery and learning
Animals and thinking & language
1.
Examples of animals employing heuristics
2.
Examples of “cultural” differences between animals of same species living in
different regions
3.
Theory of mind, mirror recognition results for dolphins
4.
Examples of and debate over animals using language (through sign or word/symbol
boards)
a. Washoe the chimp
b. Alex the parrot
Language acquisition theories:
1.
Chomsky’s theory
c. Koko the gorilla
d. Kanzi the pygmy chimp
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
intelligence

IQ

fluid vs. crystallized
savant syndrome
4. Sternberg – triarchic theory (CAP)
factor analysis
Theories of intelligence
1. Spearman –
a.
g factor (general intelligence)
2. Thurstone – primary mental abilities (7 intelligences)

analytical

experiential or creative

practical
5. Emotional intelligence (Mayer and Salovey)
 perception of emotions

understanding emotions
a.
word fluency

managing emotions
b.
verbal comprehension

using emotions
c.
spatial ability
d.
perceptual speed
e.
numerical ability
f.
inductive reasoning
g.
memory
3. Gardner – multiple intelligence
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linguistic
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logical-mathematical
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spatial
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musical
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kinesthetic
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intrapersonal

interpersonal

natural
6. Goleman – EQ emotional quotient
Measuring brain function
Perceptual speed—how long a person’s sensory organs need exposure to a stimulus in
order to perceive it (some people are able to perceive things accurately after very brief
exposure while others need longer exposure to fully perceive it.)
Neurological speed—how quickly the communication occurs between neurons while
processing information
AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chamberlain 2012-13 EHS
Alfred Binet

mental age
Lewis Terman

Stanford-Binet test
Principles of test construction
standardization
normal curve
reliability
William Stern

IQ
David Wechsler

WAIS (for adults)

WISC (ages 6-16)
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WPPSI (ages 4-6)
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test retest

split half

alternate tests
validity


—verbal comprehension
content
criterion
o predictive validity
o concurrent validity
—perceptual organization
—working memory
—processing speed
Kinds of tests & what they measure
aptitude
achievement
Extremes of intelligence
Mental retardation (different levels based on IQ range of 0-70)

Down syndrome
Talented/gifted and genius
What causes IQ?
heritability
stereotype threat