Download The thin, outermost membrane that separates a cell from its outside

cytoplasm
DNA in
nucleoid
Bacterial cell
(prokaryotic)
plasma membrane
Fig. 3-1a, p.39
Plant cell
(eukaryotic)
DNA in nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
Fig. 3-1b, p.39
Bacteriophages
The cell theory states that
_____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
every organism consists
of one or more cells
the cell is the smallest
unit of organization that
displays all the
properties of life
the continuity of life
arises directly from the
growth and division of
single cells
all of the choices
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is
located in the _____.
25%
25%
25%
25%
1. nucleus
2. plasma
membrane
3. nucleoid
4. cell wall
1
2
3
4
The surface area to volume ratio affects the
size of metabolically active cells because
_____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
as the volume of the cell
increases, the surface area
must increase by the same
amount
as a cell grows, its volume
increases faster than its
surface area
as a cell grows, its surface
area increases faster than its
volume
a larger cell is more efficient
at moving materials around
the interior and across the
plasma membrane
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The DNA of a typical prokaryote
is organized into _____.
1. a single circular
chromosome
2. many rod-shaped
chromosomes
3. a corkscrew shaped
chromosome
4. a spherical jellylike
mass in the nucleoid
region
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
When a eukaryotic cell produces protein, _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
strands of DNA that are to be
translated move from the nucleus
to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
ribosomes enter the nucleus and
associate with the genes that are
translated into protein
RNA messages are copied from
DNA, then ribosomes in the
nucleus translate messenger RNA
into protein
RNA messages are copied from
DNA, then messenger RNA
moves out of the nucleus to
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The function of a mitochondrion
is to _____.
1. produce protein
2. make ATP
3. attach sugar side
chains to some
proteins and lipids
4. degrade toxins
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Dolly the sheep was a clone
created by _____.
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
25%
nuclear transfer
in-vitro fertilization
cross breeding
parthenogenesis
1
2
3
4
In the process of nuclear transfer, a clone is
created by inserting _____ into a donor egg
cell.
1. DNA from a sheep's
egg
2. the nucleus of an
adult cell
3. the nucleus of a
donor egg
4. the nucleus of a
fertilized egg
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Which of the following
statements about DNA is true?
1.
2.
3.
4.
changes in DNA can
be inherited by future
generations
the term DNA stands
for deoxyribonucleic
acid
DNA codes all
information needed to
produce a human
being
all of the choices
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
If DNA from a disease-causing bacterium is
added to the nucleus of a bacterium that
normally does not cause disease, _____.
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
25%
the new bacterium will
cause the disease
the new bacterium will
not cause the disease
the bacterium will die
the bacterium will be
resistant to the
disease
1
2
3
4
Bacteriophages are _____.
1. bacteria that infect
viruses
2. bacteria that infect
humans
3. viruses that infect
bacteria
4. viruses that infect
humans
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
_____ is present in proteins and
_____ is present in DNA.
1. Sulfur,
phosphorus
2. Phosphorus,
sulfur
3. Phosphorus, iron
4. Sulfur, iron
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
DNA
Replication
• Each parent
strand remains
intact
• Every DNA
molecule is half
“old” and half
“new”
new
old
old
new
Base Pairing
during
Replication
Each old strand is
template for new
complementary
strand
Which of the following is a correct pairing of
nitrogen-containing bases in DNA?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A=T
T=G
C=A
G=A
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
In DNA replication _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
a new strand of DNA is
assembled on each of
the two parent strands
of the original DNA
molecule
enzymes unwind the
two strands of the
parent DNA double helix
bases assemble on the
parent DNA strand to
form a complementary
strand
all of the choices
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
In DNA replication, a permanent alteration in
the DNA sequence is called a _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
genetic code
mutation
proofreading error
semiconservative
replication
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The thin, outermost membrane that
separates a cell from its outside
environment is called the _____.
1. nuclear
membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. plasma
membrane
4. ribosome
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Which of the following
organisms is prokaryotic?
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
25%
a plant cell
a bacterium
an amoeba
a fungus
1
2
3
4
Differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells include all of the following
except _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
prokaryotic cells are usually
smaller
prokaryotic cells have cell
walls outside their plasma
membranes, but eukaryotic
cells are all bound only by a
plasma membrane
prokaryotic cells lack
membrane-bound
organelles
the DNA of prokaryotes is
not enclosed within a
nuclear membrane as in
eukaryotes
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Many pathogenic bacteria have a jellylike
protective capsule made of _____ around
their wall.
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
25%
protein
lipid
polysaccharide
cellulose
1
2
3
4
A chloroplast functions to
_____.
1. produce protein
2. degrade toxins
3. break down
carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids
4. carry out
photosynthesis
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The theory of endosymbiosis
states that _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
the first cells evolved in
shallow seas about 3.5
billion years ago
the endoplasmic reticulum
evolved from infoldings of
the plasma membrane
mitochondria and
chloroplasts were once
free-living prokaryotes that
were engulfed by larger
cells
all of the options
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Griffith Discovers
Transformation
1. Mice injected with
live cells of harmless
strain R
2. Mice injected with live
cells of killer strain S
3. Mice injected with
heat-killed S cells
4. Mice injected with
live R cells plus heatkilled S cells
Mice live. No live R
cells in their blood
Mice die. Live S cells in
their blood
Mice live. No live S cells
in their blood
Mice die. Live S cells in
their blood
Hershey and Chase Results
35S
remains
outside cells
32P
remains
inside cells
Watson and Crick
2nm diameter overall
Structure of
DNA
In 1953,
Watson and
Crick showed
that DNA is a
double helix
0.34 nm between
each pair of bases
3.4 nm length of each
full twist of helix
Griffith's experiments with R and S strains of
Streptococcus in mice showed that _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
a dead cell can still
carry intact hereditary
material
Streptococcus can be
fatal to mice
mice injected with heatkilled Streptococcus still
die
mice can develop an
immunity to
Streptococcus
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Avery confirmed that DNA was the active
material in Griffith's experiments with
Streptococcus in mice by _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
reproducing Griffith's
experiments in his own
laboratory
inactivating Streptococcus
genes with proteindigesting enzymes
inactivating Streptococcus
genes with DNA-digesting
enzymes
activating Streptococcus
genes with DNA-digesting
enzymes
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The heritable material of a
bacteriophage is found in its _____.
1. DNA
2. protein coat
3. sulfur
radioisotopes
4. phosphorus
radioisotopes
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Hershey and Chase discovered that
bacteriophages inject their _____ into
bacteria and leave their _____ outside.
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
25%
DNA, proteins
sulfur, proteins
DNA, phosphorus
proteins, DNA
1
2
3
4
Which of the following is not
found in a nucleotide of DNA?
1. a deoxyribose
sugar
2. a phosphate
group
3. a nitrogencontaining base
4. ribonucleic acid
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
The two strands of DNA in a double helix are
said to be complementary because _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
there are only two
possible kinds of base
pairings, A=T and G=C
they have the same
number of base pairs
the phosphate groups
are connected by
hydrogen bonds
they have identical
backbones
25%
1
25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Making Recombinant DNA
5’
G
3’
C T T A A
A A T T C
G
one DNA fragment
another DNA fragment
5’
G
A A T T C
3’
3’
C
T T A A
5’
G
Using Plasmids
a A restriction enzyme
cuts a specific base
sequence everywhere
it occurs in DNA.
c The same enzyme cuts
the same sequence in
plasmid DNA.
b The DNA fragments
have sticky ends.
e The DNA
fragments and
plasmid
DNA are
mixed with
DNA ligase.
f The result? A collection
of recombinant plasmids
that incorporate foreign
DNA fragments.
d The plasmid DNA
also has sticky ends
g Host cells
that can divide
rapidly take up
the recombinant
plasmids.
Fig. 11-3, p.164