Download Sc 7 Unit 5 Review Booklet

Unit 5 Planet Earth Review Questions
1. What is a rock made up of?
2. What is a mineral?
3. Name 5 additional properties that you can use to determine what a mineral is.
4. If you can see through a mineral when you hold it up to the light it is
____________________.
5. Name the 3 major families, or types, of rocks.
6. This type of rock forms when lava cools on the surface of the Earth.
7. This type of rock forms when magma cools under the surface of the Earth.
8. Large crystals will form in which type of rock?
9. This type of rock makes up 75 % of all the rock we can see on the Earth’s surface.
10. __________________ is formed from rounded pebbles and small stones cemented
together.
11. Rocks continually change from one type to another. This is called the
______________________
12. How is soil formed?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
13. Most of the decaying matter is made up of dead plant matter, called ______________.
(p. 371)
14. It mixes with other matter to form the dark-coloured portion of the soil called
____________.
15. Humus is rich in nutrients. Name them.
_______________________
_______________________
___________________________
___________________________
16. A fertile soil can supply _______________ for plant growth.
17. ________________ is the movement of rock and mineral grains from one place to
another. (p. 373)
18. _____________________ is the physical break – up or disintegration of rocks.
19. ___________________ changes can also cause mechanical weathering.
20. Mechanical weathering is part of the process responsible for ____________________
(p. 373) and _______________________ is the part of the process responsible for
____________________.
21. _______________________ weathering breaks down minerals through chemical
reactions.
22. An example of chemical weathering is ______________.(p. 374)
23. Biological weathering is a physical or chemical breakdown of rock caused by
____________________.
24. Agents of erosion are (p. 376):
___________________ _____________________
___________________ ____________________
25. __________________ changes occur when there are flash floods, landslides, and
rock slides. (p. 376)
26. ____________________ changes happen very slowly. Glaciers may take thousands
of years to erode an area.
27. When glaciers begin to melt and retreat, the meltwater forms channels and deposits
sediment in new locations. Large rocks called ______________ can be left behind,
many kilometres from their source.
28. When wind picks up loose sediment, such as clay, silt, and sand, and then it strikes a
rock it wears the rock down by ________________.
29. Wind erosion can be reduced by _________________, _______________, and
________________________.
30. Which was the most disastrous rock slide in Canadian History? When did it occur?
31. The __________________ River near Jasper is gradually deepening the quartzite
rock canyon.
32. A ________________ river continually changes the contours of the land.
33. What is a source of sediment?______________
34. Wegener studied the fossil evidence on different continents and the interlocking
shapes of the continents and developed a theory. What is it?
__________________________
35. What other evidence did Wegener discover?
62. J. Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian scientist, developed a theory to explain how
moves. Name the theory. _____________________________________
the crust
63. _______________________ plates push together.
64. ____________________ plates pull apart.
65. One explanation that geologists give for the movement of the Earth’s plates is
______________________ (p. 392)
66. A _______________________ zone occurs when 2 plates collide or converge, and
one goes under the other.
67. Where is one place that the youngest sea floor is found?
_______________________________
68. A _____________________ is a machine that measures earthquakes.
69. It must be attached to ____________________.(p. 396)
70. The ___________________ is a method of measurement of Earthquakes used by
seismologists.
71. There can be many episodes of ground-shaking movement in an earthquake caused
by __________________.
72. Name the 3 types of Earthquake waves. ______________ __________________
_________________.
73. ______________ or _____ waves travel the fastest and can pass through solids,
liquids, and gases.
74. ______________ or _____ waves travel only through solids.
75. ______________ waves are the slowest of all three, but their rolling motion breaks up
roads and buildings and they do the most damage.
76. The place deep in the crust where the earthquake begins is called the
_____________.
77. The surface direction directly above the focus is called the __________________.
78. Rocks bend and stretch. However, when the pressure is too great, the rock breaks
suddenly, creating a ____________.
79. When earthquakes happen under the sea. The water displaced by an earthquake can
cause huge waves called ______________. (p. 405)
80. The opening in a volcano is a ___________.
81. The Canadian Rockies, the American Rockies, and the mountains in Alaska are all
part of the ________________ _______________ of North America.
82. Most mountains are large areas that have been uplifted due to the ______________
or ______________ of plates.
83. Sedimentary rocks that are placed under slow, gradual pressure can either ________
or ___________. (p. 413)
84. Rocks can fold if there is enough ________ and ___________.
85. The upward or top part of the folded rock is called the ______________.
86. The bottom of the fold is called the _______________.
87. A fault can be the result of squeezing or stretching of the Earth’s crust. When
sedimentary rock is squeezed from the sides, it can form into slabs that move up and
over each other. This is called ___________________.
88. Describe what an “old” mountain looks like. (p. 414)
89. How does an organism become petrified?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
90. What is carbonaceous film?
_______________________________________________________________
91. ____________________ remains is when the actual organism or part of it may be
preserved as a fossil.
92. What are trace fossils?
93. What’s the difference between a fossil mould and cast formation?
94. What is the principle of superposition?
95. A fossil used to determine the relative age of the layer of rock is called and _________
___________.
96. Eons are divided into ________ and these are divided into _____________.
97. Name the four eras in the Geologic Time Scale.
98. __________ _________ are the soft parts of the plants and animals that were
transformed into solid, liquid, or gas hydrocarbons. (p. 428)
99. _________ is usually formed from plants that grew on the land.
100.
________ is usually formed from water –based plants and animals.
101.
____________ can be formed from either land-based or water-based plants
and animals.
102.
____________ is a heavy, almost solid form of petroleum.
118. A small change that happens gradually over many thousands of years is an
___________________ _______________.