Download Astronomy Test - The Summer Science Safari Summer Camp

Second Semester 8th Grade Science Review (2008/2009)
Astronomy (Chapters 22/23)
1. Describe the contributions of the 7 astronomers described in Chapter 22 Section 1.
Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tyco Brache, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
2. According to the big bang theory, the age of the universe is about:
Age is 4.6 – 4.7 Billion Years ago
3. Astronomers often place telescopes on mountaintops because:
Less atmosphere, thinner air, less moisture and light pollution.
4. Describe the two types of telescopes. Include a description of the advantages and disadvantages of each
Reflecting and Refracting. (See notes and book for description and advantages and disadvantages.)
5. If you see a quasar that is 6 billion light-years away, how old is the light you are seeing?
6 billion years ago.
6. What is the Big Bang Theory? What evidence is used to support it?
A large explosion started the universe, galaxies moving away, and background radiation supports the theory.
7. What type of galaxy is our Milky Way galaxy?
Spiral
8. What type of stars are the majority of stars in our galaxy?
Main Sequence
9. How do we measure the distance between objects in space? Light Years
10. How would you describe the hottest stars in the sky? Blue
11. If two stars are different colors, we can infer that they have different: Composition and Temperature
12. When you look at white light through a glass prism, you see a rainbow of colors called: Spectrum
13. The actual brightness of a star is called its: Absolute Magnitude
14. The apparent change in location of an object is called: Parallax
15. When the core of our sun runs out of hydrogen, and falls off of the main sequence, it will first become a
Red Giant___ start before it eventually becomes a white dwarf.
16. A Black Hole forms when the leftovers of a supernova are so massive that they collapse to form a dense
object whose gravity is so strong that light cannot escape it.
Plate Tectonic
17. Why is the Plate Tectonic Theory a better theory than the Continental drift Theory? Explains in more
detail the movement of the plates and why we have seismic activity.
18. If new crust is being created at the mid-ocean ridges, then why is the earth not getting larger?
Subduction and Convergent Boundaries
19. The Continental Drift Theory was not accepted when proposed because: Couldn’t explain how plates
moved apart.
20. Alfred Wegener thought that all of today's continents were once joined in a huge continent that he
called:Pangea
21. Describe the three main types of plate boundaries. How do the plates move, what land features are
formed, examples, and if they include a Subduction zone.
Convergent Boundary – Move together Compression Stress, Divergent Boundary Move apart Tension
Stress, and Transform Boundary Horizontal movement. Subduction zone is one plate dives under the other
and is melted into magma.
22. Sea-floor spreading occurs at a Divergent boundary.
23. What evidence was used to support the theory of continental drift? Pangaea
Rock and Rock Cycle Chapter 15
24. Be able to interpret The Rock Cycle from a diagram. Know Louie the Longhorn
25. What is the process where sediments are hardened into rock by compaction and cementation?
Lithification
26. What type of sedimentary rock that forms when oceans and rivers evaporate? Chemical
27. Fossils are found mostly in _Sedimentary_ rock.
28. Molten rock below the earth’s surface is called: Magma
29. Igneous rocks that cool slowly have this type of texture: Coarse grain
30. Layers in sedimentary rock are called: Strata
31. Process where sediment is squeezed or pressed together: Compaction
32. Igneous rocks that are denser, darker in color, and are composed of mostly of Fe and Mg: Mafic
33. Rocks formed from magma or lava are called: Igneous
34. What is weathering and what are its agents? The breaking down of rock. Abrasion, Ice Wedging, Wind,
Water, etc.
35. What is erosion and what are its agents? Transportation of sediment from one place to another.
36. A type of igneous rock that forms when magma cools deep in the earth: Intrusive
37. What is the process that involves heat, pressure, melting, cooling, and sedimentation which changes
rocks from one type to another. Rock Cycle
38. What is the type of metamorphic rock that has parallel bands? Foliated
Genetics and the Environment - Chapter 10
39. Describe the three types of symbiotic relationships. Give an example of each.
Mutualism, Commensalisms, and Parasitism
40. Describe the predator-prey relationship and give an example. See notes
41. When a population grows larger than its carrying capacity, limiting factors in the environment cause the
population to: Population will decrease
42. Define incomplete dominance. Each allele has its own degree of influence.
43. If you cross a plant that has yellow seeds (with the genotype Yy) with a plant that has green seeds (with
the genotype yy), the possible genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring are:
Y
y
Yy
y
Yy
Genotypes: Yy, yy
y
yy
yy
Phenotypes Yellow/Green
Ratio Genotype 0:2:2 (YY,Yy,yy) 0%, 50%, 50%
Phenotype 2:2 (50%50%)
44. A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment is called a(n)
Adaptation
45. The key to natural selection is:
Successful reproduction
46. Describe and give an example of the four steps in Darwin's theory of natural selection.
47. What is a learned behavior? Behavior gained by watching other people.
48. The organism’s appearance is known as its: Phenotype
49. A tick sucks blood from a dog. In this relationship, the tick is the _Parasite___ and the dog is the
_Host___.
50. What conditions would make resources such as water, food, or sunlight are more likely to be limiting
factors? When population approaches carrying capacity
Structure of the Earth
51. Tectonic plates are large pieces which earth layer? Lithosphere
52. Tectonic plates move on top of which earth layer? Asthenosphere
53. Earth's oceanic crust is ____ ( thinner, thicker) and (less dense, denser)than the continental crust.
54. Which layer is the densest? Inner Core
55. _plasticity_________ is the ability of a solid to flow like a liquid when put under pressure.
56. Folded mountains are caused by _compression___________.
57. The _crust________ is the only layer of the Earth that we have actually seen.
58. _pressure___________ keeps the inner core from becoming liquid.
59. In which layer of the Earth are convection currents believed to occur? asthenosphere
Topographic Maps
Use the topographic map below to answer the following questions.
60. What could be represented at point B? Plateau
61. What is the elevation at point A?54 m
62. What is the contour interval for this map? 10 m
63. Where would you find the steepest slope on this map? east side
64. If you travel from point B to point C, you would be traveling? uphill
Geologic Time/Relative Dating/Absolute Dating
65. The shortest era is called the _Cenozoic________ Era.
66. Scientist believe that the age of the earth is 4.6 billion years old
67. The smallest division of geologic time listed is a (n) Epoch
68. The largest period of geologic time listed is a (n) eon / era
69. The oldest fossils, which are blue-green algae, are called stomatolites
70. The possible cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic Era was asteroid
71. The era we now live in is the _Cenozoic________ Era.
72. At the end of the Paleozoic Era, extinction of many organisms occurred. What caused this to happen? Pangaea
formed, climate changed
73. Scientist divide geologic time into eras based on major changes
74. During which era did the greatest extinction occur? Mesozoic
75. Fossils are remains of once living organisms
76. Why do so few fossils remain today? Soft bodies, weathering and erosion.
Structure of the Earth/Faulting/Folding
77. The type of stress that involves rocks being squeezed together is called _Metamorphic_________.
78. The stretching or pulling apart of rocks is called: tension
79. Folded mountains are caused by _compression___________.
Be able to correctly label a normal, reverse, and strike-slip fault
Be able to identify the hanging wall and foot wall of a fault
Be able to correctly label each type of fold.
Waves (Chapter 7 )
Label diagram below.
1. Crest 2. Wavelength 3. trough 4. wave height
80. Label diagram below
81. What is a medium? Substance a wave can travel through
82. What type of wave interaction explains why sound waves can be heard around corners? diffraction
83. Waves transfer : energy
84. Refraction occurs when a wave enters a new medium at an angle because it changes speed
85. Which waves do NOT require a medium to travel? electromagnetic
86. Light waves travel fastest through empty space
87. Sound waves cannot travel through empty space
88. Interference__ is the result of two or more waves overlapping.
89. As the frequency of a wave increases, the energy_ increases.
90. The number of waves produced in a given amount of time is called the _Speed___ of a wave.
Below are illustrations of waves. Study the illustrations, and answer questions.
91. Which wave has the largest amplitude? B
92. Which wave has the LEAST energy? C
93. Which wave has the longest wavelength? all the same
94. Electromagnetic waves are made of vibrations of electric and magnetic waves
95. The electromagnetic spectrum is arranged according to Wavlength
96. A(n) _EM___ can travel through space or matter.
Force and Motion
97.
Friction is a force that opposes motion
98.
A force expressed in Newton and causes changes motion and is a push or pull
99.
If passengers on an airplane watch another plane passing by them, their reference point is the They are, the plane
watching is RP
100.
The distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance is equal to an object's Speed
101.
You are in Chicago, Illinois. You decide to head south to Austin, Texas. In 1 hour, you travel 80 km.
Your velocity is 80 km/hr south
102.
If a bus traveling 15 m/s south increases its speed to 20 m/s, it has changed its velocity, speed and acceleration
103.
A car traveling 20 m/s south enters a new highway going east at 20 m/s. The car has accelerated
104.
Decreasing velocity could be referred to as deceleration
105.
The moving blades of a windmill are an example of centripetal acceleration
106.
Which of the following situations involves a force being exerted?
107.
Balanced forces applied to an object produces no movement net force of zero
108.
A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching is friction
109.
A good rule to observe when you are around a swimming pool is "no running." The wet deck around the
Pool is very slippery because of fluid friction
110.
Your class and another class have a tug-of-war contest. In order to win, your class must create a greater force in
the opposite direction
111.
One Saturday you go on a picnic. Although there is a slight breeze, the napkins stay on the tablecloth
Because of static friction
112.
Because the moon's gravitational force is one-sixth that of Earth's, an astronaut's weight on the moon is 1/6 that of
earths weight.
113.
A golf ball and a bowling ball are moving at the same velocity. Which has more momentum? the bowling ball
114.
According to Newton's first law of motion, a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force
Will remain in motion
115.
Newton's third law of motion states that if a force is exerted on an object, another force occurs that equal and
opposite
You have four vehicles, all driving at the same velocity side-by-side on a four-lane highway. They are a fully-loaded
truck, an empty truck, a midsize van, and a small car.
116.
Which one has the MOST momentum? the loaded truck
117.
If all the vehicles brake at the same time because there is a collision ahead, which one will come to a
Complete stop FIRST? Small car
118.
Inertia is used when explaining Newton's first law
119.
If a car driver suddenly makes a sharp turn, the passenger slides to the side of the car because of inertia