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Layers of the Earth Vocabulary Crust – the layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface Basalt – a dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust Granite – a usually light-colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust Lithosphere – a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust Asthenosphere – the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats Mantle – the layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core Magma – the molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle Lava – liquid magma that reaches the surface of Earth Outer core – a layer of molten (liquid) iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth Inner core – a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the Earth Density – the amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume (D=m/v) Seismic waves – vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake Seismograph – a device that records ground movement caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth Earthquake – the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface P wave – a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground *P waves or primary waves will travel through solids AND liquids S wave – a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side *S waves or Secondary waves only travel through a Solid & look like a Snake Surface wave – a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth’s surface Continental drift – the hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth’s surface Pangaea – the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today’s continents Convection current – the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another Convection – the transfer of heat by movement of a fluid