Download 香山科学会议 温室气体控制技术及关键问题

Policies and Measures of China on
Climate Change Mitigation under
the Framework of Sustainable
Development
GAO Guangsheng
Office of National Coordination Committee on Climate Change,
National Development and Reform Commission of P.R. China
Nov. 15, 2006
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Introduction
•
Climate change is one of the key concerns of the
international community. Climate change, both as
an environmental issue and development issue,
falls in the category of development in the final
analysis;
•
Tackle the challenges of climate change in joint
efforts through dialogue and cooperation has
become the consensus of international community;
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Introduction
•
Actively addressing climate change and enhancing
sustainable development are not only the
requirements of implementing the UNFCCC, but
also the requirements of carrying out the scientific
concept of development in China;
•
Advancing the sustainable development in full
scale and effectively controlling GHG emissions are
the key measures of China to carry out its basic
national policies on resource-conserving and
environmental protection and to ensure national
security.
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The National Circumstances of China
1. Huge temperature differences between seasons/days
•
China’s climate is characterized by the distinct continental monsoon climate.
Comparing with North U.S. and the Western Europe, the temperature difference
in most regions in China is greater than that in the regions of the same latitude.
In order to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, more energy is required.
40
Temp. Difference
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
San Fransisco
Paris
Berlin
Beijing
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Shanghai
Wulumuqi
4
The National Circumstances of China
Economic Loss
2. Increasing amount of economic loss caused by climate
disasters
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The National Circumstances of China
3. Huge population & high employment pressure
•
By the end of 2005, the total population in Mainland China was 1.31 billion,
accounting for 22% of the world total;
•
43% of the total population live in cities/towns, 750 M people still live in villages;
•
Every year, 10 M new employment opportunities need to be created in cities/towns,
and about 10 M people living in countryside move to cities/towns to find job.
14
Total Population (100 million)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1978 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
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The National Circumstances of China
4. Low level of economic
development
•
The GDP per capita of
China in 2005 was USD
1,714 (based on
exchange rate of that
year), only ¼ of the
world average;
By the end of 2005, the
annual per capita
income of 23.65 million
people living in villages
was less than 683 RMB
(USD 83).
25
GDP per capita（1,000 US$）
•
Comparison of GDPs per Capita between
China and the World average in 2004
20
15
10
5
0
China
中国
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World
世界
OECD
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The National Circumstances of China
5. Coal-dominated energy
mix
•
•
The primary energy
consumption in 2005
was about 1,563 million
toe, among which
68.9% came from coal
consumption;
In 2005, coal accounted
for 27.8% of the world’s
primary energy
consumption.
Hydro,
nuclear &
w indpow er
7%
NG
2.9%
Oil
21.0%
Coal
68.9%
2005 China
Hydro,
nuclear &
w indpow er
12.3%
NG
23.5%
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Coal
27.8%
Oil
36.4%
2005 World
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The National Circumstances of China
6. Low per capita
energy consumption
Comparison of per capita energy
consumptions between China and
the world average in 2004
5
In 2005, the
commercial energy
consumption per
capita was about 1.2
toe, equal to 2/3 of
world average and
¼ of the OECD
countries.
4.5
Ton oil equevalent/person
•
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
China
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World
1
OECD
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The National Circumstances of China
7. The CO2 emission per capita of China is lower than that
of the world average
•
In 2004, the CO2 emission per capita of China from fossil fuel
utilization was 3.65 tons, equal to 87% of the world average and
33% of the OECD countries.
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Unit: Ton CO2/person
10
World
OECD
China
8
6
4
2
0
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
Data Source: IEA
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2003
2004
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
1. Formulation and implementation of sustainable
development strategy:
•
The Government of China issued the sustainable
development strategy of China in 1994 - China Agenda 21;
•
In 1996, the idea of sustainable development was taken as
an important guiding principle as well as a strategic goal
for social and economic development;
•
In 2003, the Government of China formulated the Program
of Action for Sustainable Development in China in the Early
21st Century.
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
2. Adoption of a series of policies/measures favorable to
climate change mitigation:
•
In January 1998, the Energy Conservation Law of
China entered into force;
•
In June 2003, the State Council issued the Decision
on Promoting the Development of Forestry;
•
In February 2005, the National People’s Congress
reviewed and approved the Renewable Energy Law;
•
In August 2006, the State Council issued the Decision
on Strengthening Energy Conservation.
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
3. Improve energy efficiency and energy conservation
•
Energy use per 10K RMB Yuan GDP decreased from 1.88 toe in
1990 to 1 toe in 2005 (2000 price) at the rate of 4.1% per annum.
2.00
toe/10,000 RMB
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
•
In 15 years, the accumulated energy saving adds up to 560Mtoe,
equal to 1.8bt CO2 emission reductions.
6
World
OECD
Comparison of CO2 per unit
GDP of China and the world
China
Unit: Kg CO2/USD
5
4
3
2
1
0
1990
1995
Source: IEA
1999
2000
2001
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2003
2004
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
4. Develop low carbon energy and renewable energy,
improve energy structure：
•
The percentage of coal in primary energy consumption dropped from
76.2% in 1990 to 68.9% in 2005;
•
By 2005, RE utilization reached 116M toe (incl. large hydro), accounting
for 7.5% of total consumption, equal to 380Mt CO2 emission reductions.
Oil
16.6%
NG
2.1%
Hydro,
nuclear,
w indpow er
5%
1990
NG
2.9%
Hydro,
nuclear,
windpower
7%
Oil
21.0%
Coal
76.2%
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Coal
68.9%
2005
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
4. Develop low carbon energy and renewable energy,
improve energy structure：
•
By 2005, hydropower installed capacity reached 117GW,
accounting for 23% of the total;
•
Household biogas over 17 M, annual biogas production 6.5bm3;
•
Biomass power generation capacity 2GW;
•
Grid connected wind power capacity 1.26GW;
•
PV capacity 70MW, solar heater collector 85Mm2;
•
Renewable CDM projects account for 90% of the total approved
CDM projects.
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Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change
5. Carry out forestation and increase forest coverage
•
Forestation 54Mh, storage 1.5bm3, ranking No. 1 in
the world;
•
Forest coverage from 13.92% in early 1990s to
18.21% in 2005;
•
Estimated net sink 3 billion CO2 between 1980 and
2005.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
1. Principles:
•
Addressing climate change within the framework of
sustainable development;
•
Equal importance of mitigation and adaptation;
•
Integration of climate policy into other relevant
policies;
•
Reliance on technological progress and innovation;
•
Common but differentiated responsibilities;
•
Active participation and broad cooperation.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
2. General objective:
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Considerable GHG emission reduction;
•
Enhancement of adaptation capacity;
•
New progress on scientific research on climate change;
•
Considerable improvement of public awareness;
•
Further institution development.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
3. Main targets of sustainable development in China for
the 11th Five-Year Plan period
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Energy intensity drop by around 20%;
•
Total population: 1.36 billion;
•
Total cultivated land: 120Mh;
•
Total main pollutants emission drop by 10%;
•
Forest coverage: 20%.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
4. Promote 10 key energy conservation projects
•
Renovation of coal-fired industrial boilers;
•
District CHP;
•
Waste heat and pressure utilization;
•
Oil conservation and switching;
•
Motor system conservation;
•
Energy system optimization
•
Building energy conservation;
•
Green-lighting;
•
Energy conservation in government agencies;
•
Energy saving monitoring and technical service.
Estimated energy saving: 170Mtoe, equal to 550 Mt CO2 reduction.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
5. Develop hydropower together with ecological
protection
•
Hydropower is a key measure towards a low carbon
energy structure;
•
Together with environmental protection and migration,
develop and use hydropower resources in a rational
manner;
•
Accelerate the development of hydropower and small
hydro based on local conditions.
Estimated CO2 reduction 560Mt by the end of 2010.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
6. Promote nuclear power
•
Nuclear energy is a key element in national energy
strategy;
•
Guideline: self-sufficient, international cooperation,
technology introduction, domestic built;
•
Common technology route and adoption of advanced
technologies;
•
Achievement of domestic development and production
of large scale unit.
Estimated GHG emission reduction: 60Mt CO2 by 2010.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
7. Optimize thermal power development
•
Develop 600+MW supercritical (ultra-supercritical)
units;
•
Start the IGCC power station project;
•
Develop natural gas power generation;
•
Acceleration of the elimination of small coal-fired
power generators;
•
Strengthen power grid construction.
Estimated GHG emission reduction: 110 Mt CO2 by 2010.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
8. Vigorously promote coal-bed methane utilization
•
Coal-bed methane investigation, development and utilization
should be adopted as important instruments to expedite the
structural optimization of coal industry, reduce coal mining
accidents, improve resources utilization efficiency and prevent
environmental pollution.
•
Exempt or partly exempt coal bed methane projects from
utilization fees for prospecting and mining rights;
•
Adopt preferential tax policies for coal bed methane projects;
•
Encourage coal bed methane CDM projects.
Estimated GHG emission reductions: 210 Mt CO2 by 2010.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
9. Promote the development of bio-energy
•
Vigorously promote biomass energy development and
utilization with key focus on biomass power generation,
marsh gas, biomass briquette and biomass liquid fuel;
•
Formulate economic policies and measures in favor of
bio-ethanol and other biomass fuels.
Estimated GHG emission reduction: 30 Mt CO2 by 2010.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
10. Actively support the development and utilization of
wind, solar, geothermal and tidal energy
Together with the development and construction of large
scale wind power plants, to:
•
Actively develop photovoltaic and solar heating
utilization;
•
Actively promote the development and utilization of
geothermal and tidal energy.
Estimated GHG emission reductions: 70 Mt CO2 by 2010.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
11. Attach importance to the control of GHG emissions
from agriculture sector
Through the promotion of semi-dry rice cultivation technology,
scientific irrigation, research and development of technologies, to:
•
Breed fine ruminant varieties;
•
Improve management practices for intensive livestock operations;
•
Further promote straw treatment technology;
•
Enhance/refine the technologies for household-type biogas
digesters; and
•
Control the growth rate of methane emissions.
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Policies and Measures on Climate Change
Mitigation in China
12. Strengthen carbon sinks
•
Through the continuous implementation of policies
and measures and the Priority Programs of Ecological
Conservation such as the conservation of natural
forest resources, converting cultivated land back to
forest or grassland, etc. to achieve a forest coverage
rate of 20% and an increase in carbon sink by about
50 Mt CO2 compared with that in 2005 by the end of
2010.
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China’s Needs for International
Cooperation on Climate Change
1. Effective implementation of Article 4.7 of the UNFCCC
is key to improve the developing countries’ capacity to
mitigate climate change
•
Article 4.7 stipulates that “The extent to which developing
country Parties will effectively implement their
commitments under the Convention will depend on the
effective implementation by developed country Parties of
their commitments under the Convention related to
financial resources and transfer of technology and will take
fully into account that economic and social development
and poverty eradication are the first and overriding
priorities of the developing country Parties.”
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China’s Needs for International
Cooperation on Climate Change
2. Concrete and effective international cooperation is a
must to realize the aforementioned objectives and
tasks:
•
The main objectives of China’s 11th five-year plan
presented under the framework of sustainable
development are very ambitious and arduous;
•
To realize these objectives, not only China’s own
efforts, but also the support from international society
on finance and advanced technologies are required.
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China’s Needs for International
Cooperation on Climate Change
3. Major needs for mitigation technologies
•
Advanced energy and manufacturing technologies;
•
Environmental protection and comprehensive
utilization of resources technologies;
•
Highly efficient transportation technologies;
•
New material technologies;
•
New building material technologies.
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China’s Needs for International
Cooperation on Climate Change
4. Major needs for capacity building
•
Basic studies/research on climate change, analysis of
mitigation policies, IT construction, CDM project
management, etc.;
•
Development of statistics system that meets the
requirements of GHG inventory preparation;
•
Necessary field measurement data to determine
emission factors;
•
QA/QC of GHG inventories;
•
GHG emissions projection;
•
Development of national GHG inventory database.
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Conclusion
•
In order to effectively respond to climate change,
China, through active dialogues, effective and
concrete cooperation with the international
community and relevant countries, is willing to make
new contributions to the protection of the global
climate system while achieving economic development;
•
We appeal to developed country Parties to fulfill their
commitments on providing financial and technological
support to developing country Parties to enhance the
developing country Parties’ capacity in responding to
climate change in accordance with the Convention.
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Thanks！
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