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B1 Revision Mind Maps Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each Define metabolic rate State three things that affect metabolic rate: Why does a person become malnoushired? Give two signs of malnourishment. BMI = mass in kg (height in m)2 Underweight <18 Normal 19-24 Overweight 25 - 29 Obese >30 What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health. Name three important things in the body cholesterol is used for. Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease. Name Mr X Mass (kg) 70 Height (m) 1.90 BMI 19.4 Miss P 65 1.43 31.8 Mrs Q 54 1.74 17.8 Name a source of: Saturated fat: Unsaturated fat: What are statins and cholesterol blockers used for? Explain how each works. . Drug Statins Cholesterol blockers How can you change the fat intake in your diet to reduce cholesterol? Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each? Advantages Advice Complete the table to evaluate the use of statins and cholesterol blockers for treating high cholesterol levels. Disadvantages • . Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each •Carbohydrate – energy source •Fat – energy, make hormones, insulation •Protein – build new cells Define metabolic rate is the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out. BMI = mass in kg (height in m)2 Underweight <18 Normal 19-24 Overweight 25 - 29 Obese >30 What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health. Vitamins Minerals Name three important things in the body cholesterol is used for. Cell membranes Steroid hormones Bile State three things that affect metabolic rate: •Activity Levels •The ratio of fat to muscle in the body •Genes (inherited factors) Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. Diet Genes Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease. If you have a high ratio of LDLs to HDLs you have an increased risk of heart disease. This encourages cholesterol to be deposited in the walls of coronary arteries, Blockage prevents glucose and oxygen reaching the heart muscle so heart muscle cells cannot respire so die. What are statins and chloesterol blockers used for? Explain how each works. Drugs that lower blood cholesterol. Statins block enzyme in liver. Cholesterol blockers reduce dietary absorption. How can you change the fat intake in your diet to reduce cholesterol? Eat less saturated fats and more unsaturated Why does a person become malnoushired? Their diet is not balanced Give two signs of malnourishment. Overweight / underweight Deficiency disesase Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each? Name Mr X Mass (kg) 70 Height (m) 1.90 BMI 19.4 Advice Healthy Miss P 65 1.43 31.8 Obese –eat less fat and sugar; exercise more Mrs Q 54 1.74 17.8 Underweight – increase calorie intake Name a source of: Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggs Unsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil, oily fish, margarine Complete the table to evaluate the use of statins and cholesterol blockers for treating high cholesterol levels. Drug Advantages Disadvantages Statins • Can lower cholesterol to zero • Good for people with high cholesterol due to genetics • Need cholesterol to make hormones etc • Potentially fatal side effects Cholesterol blockers • Good for people with high cholesterol due to diet • Less side effects than statins • Can interact badly with other drugs. • Can cause diarrhoea. What is a pathogen? . Explain how vaccination works: How can the following drugs be used to treat disease? Painkillers Explain how the following make you ill: Bacteria Antibiotics Viruses What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses? Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? Why are antibiotics used in farming? How can we reduce this problem? Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. What is a mutation? Why is mutatioin in pathogens problematic? What is a sterile culture. . Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile. . What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry? . List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture 1. Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. What is a pathogen? Microoganism that causes disease. Explain how the following make you ill: Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins Viruses reproduce inside e cells and damage them Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. • Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis) • Produce antibodies – destroy specific bacteria or viruses • Produce antitoxins – neutralise toxins released by pathogens Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. Bacteria mutate by chance Bacteria with mutation not killed by antibiotic These cells can survive to reproduce And pass the gene for resistance to their offspring – population of resistant bacteria increases What is a sterile culture. Culture of only one type of microorganism. Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile. . Other microbes would use up food resources Other microbes may produce dangerous toxins Explain how vaccination works: •Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected •Stimulates memory cells to form •Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make antibodies faster and in greater numbers What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? Measles Mumps Rubella Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive. These are hard to treat. How can we reduce this problem? Do not use antibiotics for minor infections Reduce use in agriculture What is a mutation? Change in a gene Why is mutatioin in pathogens problematic? Creates new strains that people have no immunity to or are resistant to antibiotics What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry? 25oC – to prevent growth of human pathogens. Industry higher – faster growth rate. How can the following drugs be used to treat disease? Painkillers relieve symptoms (don’t kill pathogen) Antibiotics Kill bacteria Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses? Viruses replicate inside human cells so the antibiotic can’t reach them or would kill the human cell. Why are antibiotics used in farming? Help animals gain weight – less energy spent overcoming infection Increase profits – prevent spread of infection List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture 1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use 2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame 3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air 4. Work near a flame Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised doctors were transferring disease from surgery Encouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill bacteria - Death rates drastically fell Shows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of infection What is the function of the human nervous system? Internal condition Water Organs involved in controlling condition What is a hormone? Ion content What do the receptor cells in the following organs respond to? Eyes: Ears: Tongue: Nose: Skin: Why do we control: Temperature? Blood glucose? Hormone Describe a simple reflex action FSH How do oral contraceptives work? Site of production function LH Oestrogen Explain how plant hormones can be used as Weedkiller? Complete the table to evaluate the using IVF or the contraceptive pill Advantages Contraceptive pill IVF Outline the key concepts behind IVF: Rooting hormones Disadvantages How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity? Part of plant Shoot Stimulu s Light Gravity Root Water Gravity Response What is the function of the human nervous system? •To detect changes in the environment •To co-ordinate and control responses Internal condition Water Organs involved in controlling condition Lungs (breath); Skin (Sweat); Kidneys (urine) Ion content Skin (sweat) Kidneys (urine) What do the receptor cells in the following organs respond to? Eyes: light Ears: sound; changes in position Tongue: taste Nose: smell Skin: touch, temperature, pressure, pain Describe a simple reflex action 1. Named receptor detecst the stimulus 2.Electircal impulse travels along sensory neurone to central nervous system 3.Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to relay neurone 4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse to motor neurone 5. Impulse reaches effector which responds by contracting if it is a muscle or secreting a substance if it is a gland Complete the table to evaluate the using IVF or the contraceptive pill What is a hormone? •Chemical substance secreted by a gland •Transported in the blood to a target cell or organ where it controls body functions Why do we control: Temperature? So enzymes can work efficiently Blood glucose? To maintain a constant supply of energy Hormone How do oral contraceptives work? They contain oestrogen to stop production of FSH and progesterone to maintain uterus lining FSH Site of production Pituitary LH Pituitary Ovulation Oestrogen Ovaries Inhibits production of FSH Explain how plant hormones can be used as Weedkiller? Give lots of auxin: plant grows out of control Rooting hormones Give a little auxin – stimulates roots Advantages Disadvantages Contraceptive pill 99% effective Easy to take Side effects Can forget IVF Allow people to have children Uses own sperm and eggs Multiple births Expensive Painful Low success rate How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity? Stimulus causes auxin to distribute unevenly - build up on side away from light / nearest gravity Side with more auxin grows more Plant bends function Maturation of egg; Release of oestrogen Outline the key concepts behind IVF: •Mother given FSH to stimulate several eggs to mature and LH to stimulate eggs to be released •Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by father’s sperm in a petri dish •Embryo implanted into womb Part of plant Shoot Stimulu s Light Gravity Response Positive phototropism Negative geotropism Root Water Gravity Positive hydrotropism Positive geotropism What would the placebo be if the real drug was: A tablet? An injection? What is a drug? What is meant by A blind trial? Double blind trial? What does phase one drug testing involve and why is it necessary? What is the advantage of blind trials? What is involved in phase two drugs testing? What was Thalidomide originally developed as? Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy? What is it now used to treat? Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater than illegal drugs? What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive drug.? What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an example. Complete the table to evaluate the use of cannabis Advantages Disadvantages Give a negative effecs on the body of Smoking Why might an athlete take the following? • Anabolic steroid • Stimulants • Analgesics Drinking alcohol • Stimulants What would the placebo be if the real drug was: A tablet? Sugar pill An injection? Saline injection What is a drug? Chemical that alters the way the body works. What does phase one drug testing involve and why is it necessary? Test drug on cells, tissues or animals Safety testing - check for toxicity and interaction with other drugs. What is involved in phase two drugs testing? Drug tested on healty volunteers Start with low dose – gradually increased until effective dose found Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater than illegal drugs? More people use legal drugs Complete the table to evaluate the use of cannabis What is meant by A blind trial? Patients do not now who gets drug and who gets placebo Double blind trial? Neither doctor nor patient knows who gets drug or placebo What is the advantage of blind trials? Avoid bias What was Thalidomide originally developed as? Sleeping Pill What is it now used to treat? Leprosy Some types of cancer Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy? Found to relieve morning sickness but had not been tested on pregnant animals – babies born with severe limb abnormalities. What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an example. Unpleaseant side effects experienced when you stop taking an addictive drug. Eg. Tremors, palpitations, sweating, headaches etc Advantages Disadvantages Can be medicinal: glaucoma / MS / Cancer Strong evidence suggesting causes mental illness Relaxant Expensive May lead to use of more dangerous drugs Give a negative effecs on the body of Smoking Lung cancer / Low birth weight / Heart disease / Emphysema etc Drinking alcohol Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive drug.? When your body becomes dependent on a drug due to frequent use– durg alters body chemistry so badly that you cannot function normally without it. Eg, heroin, cocaine Why might an althlete take the following? • Anabolic steroid increase muscle mass • Stimulants Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc • Analgesics relive pain • Stimulants make reactions faster Label the adaptations of the polar bear and explain how they help with survival: What do the following compete for? Animals Plants: Name three adaptations of prey that deter predators. Bacteria can be adapted to survive in extreme conditions. Explain how How can human activity affect the distribution of organisms? What is an extremophile? Explain how climate change may lead to a short-haired arctic fox being more likely to survive than a long haired one. Name the three pieces of equipment and state what they measure How is the cactus adapted to survive in the desert? How can the following living organisms be used as pollution indicators? Lichens Aquatic invertebrates Label the adaptations of the fennec (desert fox) and explain how they help with survival: What is a pollution indicator? . How are desert animals adapted to cope with very cold nights? Many factors can cause environmental change. Give an example of A living factor A non-living factor Label the adaptations of the polar bear and explain how they help with survival: •Small surface area to volume ratio – minimizes heat loss •Small ears / nose •Thick fur – insulation •Thick layer of body fat – insulation •Waterproof fur – reduce heat loss from evaporation when wet •White - camouflage Name three adaptations of prey that deter predators. Thorns / poisons / warning colours Bacteria can be adapted to survive in extreme conditions. Explain how Tolerate: High salt concentration High temperature High pressure How can the following living organisms be used as pollution indicators? Lichens Monitor air pollution: higher population = better quality air (less SO2) Aquatic invertebrates monitor water pollution – concentration of dissolved oxygen: ceratin species can tolerate very low O2 What is an extremophile? A microorganism that is adapted to live in extreme conditions. What do the following compete for? Animals: food, mates, territory Plants: light, space, water and nutrients from soil How can human activity affect the distribution of organisms? •Destroy an animal’s food source or habitat – building, chemicals, farming •Introduction of new competing species •Global warming Name the three pieces of equipment and state what they measure maximum-minimum thermometer – temperature Rainfall gauge – rainfall in set time period What is a pollution indicator? Living organism that shows the level of pollution in an area through changes in it’s distribution or abundance. How are desert animals adapted to cope with very cold nights? Burrows insulation Label the adaptations of the fennec (desert fox) and explain how they help with survival: •large surface area to volume ratio – increases heat loss •Large ears - more heat loss •thin fur – increase heat loss •Sandy colour - camouflage Explain how climate change may lead to a short-haired arctic fox being more likely to survive than a long hairde one. Temperature is increasing Short haired fox able to lose heat better so less likely to overheat Short haired fox more likely to survive and pass genes on How is the cactus adapted to survive in the desert? •roots widespread– collect water from a large area •Roots deep – collect water because surface likely to dry out quickly •No leaves – reduce surface area from which water can be lost •Stem able to swell – store water Many factors can cause environmental change. Give an example of A living factor New competitor eg grey squirrel A non-living factor Change in temperature or rainfall Draw a pyramid of biomass using the following information. Gazelles are eaten by lions. Gazelles eat grass. Describe the energy transfer that takes place during photosynthesis. What is a ‘producer’? Give 2 groups of organisms that are producers. What is the original source of energy for most food chains? Why are heat losses greater in birds and mammals than in reptiles and insects? Why does the amount of biomass decrease at each stage of a food chain?. Energy is ‘lost’ to the surroundings along a food chain. Explain how. Name two groups of organism that break down dead organic matter. What conditions increase the speed of decay? What is the importance of the decay process? Explain how the material in a fox is returned to the environment to be used by plants. How does carbon dioxide in the atmosphere become part of a plant or alga’s biomass? How does carbon in a plant become part of an animal’s biomass? . How can humans affect the natural balance of the carbon cycle? Draw a pyramid of biomass using the following information. Gazelles are eaten by lions. Gazelles eat grass. •1 mark shape •1 mark labels Describe the energy transfer that takes place during photosynthesis. Light energy from sun converted to chemical energy in plant / algal cells What is a ‘producer’? Give 2 groups of organisms that are producers. •Organism that makes its own food •Green plants •Algae What is the original source of energy for most food chains? The sun Why are heat losses greater in birds and mammals than in reptiles and insects? Birds and mammals are warm blooded so have greater respiratory rates to release heat to keep them warm. Reptiles and insects are cold blooded so keep warm by basking in the sun. Why does the amount of biomass decrease at each stage of a food chain?. • CO2 is lost in respiration • Parts of an organism may be inedible • Biomass is lost in faeces and urine • Some organisms die and are eaten by microbes instead Explain how the material in a fox is returned to the environment to be used by plants. • Fox respires – releases CO2 for use in photosynthesis • Fox dies – broken down by microoganisms and detrivores • Decomposers respire to release CO2 for use in photosynthesis • Nutrients also released into the soil – absorbed by plant roots Energy is ‘lost’ to the surroundings along a food chain. Explain how. • Heat energy released in respiration • Faeces and urine • Used in repair processes • Organism dies and energy passes to microbes • Used in movement How does carbon dioxide in the atmosphere become part of a plant or alga’s biomass? Photosynthesis converts it into glucose which can then be turned into other carbohydrates, fats and proteins Name two groups of organism that break down dead organic matter. •Microorganisms •Detrivores What is the importance of the decay process? Allows nutrient to be recycled – releases substances that plants need to grow. What conditions increase the speed of decay? Warm Moist Aerobic How does carbon in a plant become part of an animal’s biomass? Animals eat the plants – carbon becomes part of fats and proteins. How can humans affect the natural balance of the carbon cycle? Combustion of fossil fuels releases CO2 Define variation: Give a definition for sexual reproduction. What two factors can affect the characteristics of an organism? What is the scientific name for an organism produced by asexual reproduction? What is a mutation?. What is a gene? Why do plants and animals share characteristics with their parents? Complete the table below. Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction show greater variation than those formed by asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Number of parents Describe two ways in which you can clone a plant. Is there mixing of genes? Are gametes involved? Put the following words in order from smallest to larges to describe how genetic material is organised. Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene Increases variation? How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell cloning? Describe how you would use a plant to produce human growth hormone. Explain how an embryo transplant can be used to clone a cow. Why are some people opposed to the genetic modification of organisms? Why is an organism produced by adult cell cloning considered a clone? List some reasons for genitcally modifying a plant.. Define variation: Differences between living organisms. Give a definition for sexual reproduction. •Fusion of male and female gametes What two factors can affect the characteristics of an organism? Genes Environment What is a mutation?. A change in DNA. What is a gene? A section of DNA that controls the characteristic of an organism. Why do plants and animals share characteristics with their parents? They inherit genes passed on when their parent’s gametes fuse. Put the following words in order from smallest to larges to describe how genetic material is organised. Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene Gene -> Chromosome - > Nucleus -> Cell Explain how an embryo transplant can be used to clone a cow. Cells are taken from a growing embryo before they become specialised Each cell transplanted into a surrogate mother Why is an organism produced by adult cell cloning considered a clone? Has genetic information from one parent only. Complete the table below. What is the scientific name for an organism produced by asexual reproduction? Clone Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction show greater variation than those formed by asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genes from two parents; asexual genes are inherited from one parent only Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Number of parents 2 1 Is there mixing of genes? Yes No Are gametes involved? Yes No Increases variation? Yes No How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell cloning? • Nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell • Nucleus from an adult body cell inserted into unfertilised egg cell • Electric shock given to stimulate the cell to divide. • Ball of cells implanted into surrogate Why are some people opposed to the genetic modification of organisms? • Damage to modified organism • May lead to a smaller gene pool • May upset natural balance of the ecosystem. • May harm the health of humans who eat GM organisms Describe two ways in which you can clone a plant. Cuttings: cut leaf from adult plant bud, dip in rooting powder and plant in compost Tissue culture: take a small group of cells form an adult plant and grow on sterile agar Describe how you would use a plant to produce human growth hormone. Enzymes used to cut gene out of human chromosome Other enzymes used to insert gene into plant chromosome Plant cell divides and makes hormone List some reasons for genitcally modifying a plant.. Herbicide resistant Insect resistant Produce novel protein Increase yield What was the principle behind Darwin's theory of evolution? Explain Lamarck’s theory of evolution. What sort of time period does evolution normally happen over? What can cause it to happen more quickly when there is a change in the environment? Give three reasons why Darwin's theory of evolution was only gradually accepted: Outline the key principles of natural selection, Use the evolutionary tree diagram on the right to answer the following questions: Which group of organisms are most closely related to Birds? Fill in the gaps in the table below. Are fish or mammals more closely related to dinosaurs? Explain how a mutant gene that allows a group of people who live in the Philippines to develop gills could result in all humans being able to breathe under water in 100 years time. Fish Body covering Where it lives Reptiles Birds Mammals Moist skin Lays eggs with leathery shell How offspring are produced How it breathes Warm or cold blooded Amphibians Lungs cold cold Land Land What was the principle behind Darwin's theory of evolution? All species evolved from simpler life forms that first developed more than 3 billion years ago Give three reasons why Darwin's theory of evolution was only gradually accepted: •Challenged religion – idea that god made all living organisms •Insufficient evidence at time •Mechanism of inheritance not discovered until 50 years later Outline the key principles of natural selection, • Organisms within a species show variation due to mutation causing differences in their genes • Some of these genes will give characteristics that increase changes of survival • These organisms are then more likely to breed and pass these genes on Use the evolutionary tree diagram on the right to answer the following questions: Which group of organisms are most closely related to Birds? Dinosaurs Fill in the gaps in the table below. Are fish or mammals more closely related to dinosaurs? Mammals Explain how a mutant gene that allows a group of people who live in the Philippines to develop gills could result in all humans being able to breathe under water in 100 years time. •Global warming causes flooding so less land •Mutant gene = can live in water so more like to survive •More likely to pass genes on •Offspring more likely to survive •Eventually everyone has gills Explain Lamarck’s theory of evolution. • Variation between organisms within a species is due to changes acquired during their lifetime • These acquired characteristics (not genes) are passed on. What sort of time period does evolution normally happen over? Millions of years What can cause it to happen more quickly when there is a change in the environment? Advantageous mutation Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Body covering Scales Moist skin Scales Feathers Fur How offspring are produced Lays soft eggs Lays eggs in jelly Lays eggs with leathery shell Lays eggs with hard shells Gives birth to live young Gills Lungs, gills, skin Lungs Lungs Lungs cold cold cold warm Warm Water Lives part of its life in water Land Land Land How it breathes Warm or cold blooded Where it lives