Download Lecture 4 - Institute of Development Studies

This collection was collated by Xiuli Xu as teaching material on the Emerging Powers and International Development
course at the Institute of Development Studies
Lecture 4
Environment, Energy and Climate change:
The 21st Century's Scramble for Resources?
Source: http://tupian.hudong.com
Contents
• Historical review of the environment issues globally since 1970s,
examining various global architecture, pilots, strategies, or concepts
initiated ever since.
• Emerging powers in the environment agenda: from RIO 1992 to
Copenhagen Summit in 2009---rule taker or rule maker? Governance
Challenges?
• Major decisions on climate change and energy policies being taken
within the BRICS countries, between the BRICS, and between, on the
one hand, individual BRICS and, on the other, low-income countries,
such as African countries.
• Top concerned policies, practices and (social, economic and
environmental) impacts of extractive companies originated from
emerging powers in African countries and Latin America.
1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance
system since the 1970s
Source: http://www.i-nobel.com;
http://kan.weibo.com;
http://book.douban.com
Global Ecological Footprint and Living Planet Index
• Living Planet Index:
30% decline since 1970
• Global Ecological Footprint:
+100% increase since 1966
Source: http://www.hetkanwel.net
Humanity consumes the natural
resources
of 1.5 planets yearly…
1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance
system since the 1970s
Energy and extractive industry:
New scambles for resources?
5/8/2017
1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance
system since the 1970s
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1948, IUPN (1956, IUCN) established;
1961, WWF established;
1972, Stockholm Conference on the Human
Environment;
1973, UNEP established;
1980, World Conservation Strategy of the
International Union for the Conservation of
Nature;
1987, Brundtland Commission, Our Common
Future/Brundtland Report, "Sustainable
Development"
1988-89, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change) established;
1992, Agenda 21, RIO conference, UNFCCC
1997, KP (Kyoto Protocol) issued
2009, Copenhagen Summit
new concepts recently such as ET,JI,CDM,
global gas tax, or the world carbon cap-andtrade system,etc.
5/8/2017
Source: http://news.gd.sina.com.cn; http://baike.baidu.com
1. Historical review of environmental issues and
governance system since the 1970s
Source: http://www.333cn.com; http://tripwow.tripadvisor.com; http://www.itu.int; http://news.cqnews.net;
8
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009.
Source:http://news.xinhuanet.com; http://www.weather.com.cn
5/8/2017
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009.
Some changes:
•
Emerging powers have amajor potential influence on cliamte change in both
negative and positive senses. They are both responsbile for the sustantial recent
increases in carbon emissions (e.g., China is now the largest emitter of greenhouse
gases in absolute term, but not per capita), as well as the similarly large increases
in renewable energy investment.
•
Their economic development success raises the question whether they are still
correctly to be characterized as a developing countries.
•
Experts point out that if a serious attempt is made to prevent global warming
beyond the famous 2-degree threshhold, it will be necessary for the developing
countries to enter into binding commitments to limit greenhouse gas emission
growth as well.
5/8/2017
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009.
•
Today's emerging powers have not suddenly appreared at
centre stage, as has been the case, e.g., in international
trade negotiations at the WTO, but were also central to
what went on at, around and after Rio.
•
Rio was in many ways a success for the South. The
countries of the South managed to secure a good deal in
1992 when they were materially a good deal weaker."A
common but differentiated responsibilities".
•
The gains need to be contrasted with the general of
movement in North-South relations at the same time. By
the early 1980s that appareent cohension of the Third
World coalition had been undermined by increased
differentiation across the developing world (especially
the rise of Asia's newly industralized countries, NICs).
Source: http://www.ijizhi.com;
http://news.163.com
Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics.
5/8/2017
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009 (continued).
•
After all, the weakness of the South in 1992 did not prevent the
industrialized world from pressing consistently and ruthlessly for
very major changes in the areas of economic reform and neoliberal restructuring, and in many of the dominat rules and norms
of the global economy.
•
Despite the longevity of these traditional positions, notable shifts
began to be seen in the climate-related foreign policies of all the
key emerging powers in the lead-up to the 2009 Copenhagen
summit. The BASIC group of countries sidelining Europe in climate
change negotiations and forcing the USA to negotiate within a
very different institutional context.
•
Although in 2008 Copenhagen Summit all of the declarations were
made in the form of voluntary pledges rather than international
legal committments as such, and remained conditional on western
financing, they nevetheless reflected a significant shift from the
original negotiating positions of these sates, and became "vetoplayer".
Source: http://www.ijizhi.com;
http://news.163.com
Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics.
5/8/2017
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
Rule takes or rule makers?
• Development policy space
remains restricted by the current
rules of the global game. As a
result, there remain many areas
of common interest and common
concern among a broad range of
developing counties which
remain rule takers far more rulemakers.
Source: http://longhua.soufun.com
Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics.
5/8/2017
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
Governance challenges
5/8/2017
2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda:
Governance challenges
•
Climate change represents the biggest
challenge and most problematic failure
of the global government paradigm.
•
A complex mix of global governance
and mixed coalitions are a form of
international self-organization that are
promissing and problematic, which also
creates spaces for the contribution of
emerging powers.
•
New "Greenprint" Approach with
different narratives, focus, distribution
of burden and actions proposed by
Mattoo and Subramanian
Different perception of Equality
Source: http://tupian.hudong.com
Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics.
Savedoff (2012); Mattoo and Subramaian (2013)
5/8/2017
3. Cooperation: policies and practices
•
Major decisions on climate change and energy
policies being taken within the BRICS countries,
between the BRICS, and between, on the one hand,
individual BRICS and, on the other, low-income
countries, such as African countries?
•
We have not yet seen major actions or decisions
taken by the BRICS as a group on climate chagne,
though the issue was formalised as a key touch at
the 2011 BRICS summit.
•
South Africa suggest itself may be well placed to act
as an intermediary between the BRICS and the OECD
on climate policy.
•
Brazil is well-placed to position itself as an
‘emerging environmental power.
5/8/2017
Source: http://www.ungdo.org;
http://baike.baidu.com
4. Top concerned policies, practices and impacts of extractive companies
originated from emerging powers in African countries and Latin America.
Source: http://www.taiwangoodlife.org;
http://news.xinhuanet.com
5/8/2017
4. Top concerned policies, practices and impacts of extractive companies
originated from emerging powers in African countries and Latin America.
Source: http://bbs.v6.com.cn; http://news.17ok.com; http://tupian.hudong.com; http://photo.iyaxin.com
5/8/2017