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This collection was collated by Xiuli Xu as teaching material on the Emerging Powers and International Development course at the Institute of Development Studies Lecture 4 Environment, Energy and Climate change: The 21st Century's Scramble for Resources? Source: http://tupian.hudong.com Contents • Historical review of the environment issues globally since 1970s, examining various global architecture, pilots, strategies, or concepts initiated ever since. • Emerging powers in the environment agenda: from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009---rule taker or rule maker? Governance Challenges? • Major decisions on climate change and energy policies being taken within the BRICS countries, between the BRICS, and between, on the one hand, individual BRICS and, on the other, low-income countries, such as African countries. • Top concerned policies, practices and (social, economic and environmental) impacts of extractive companies originated from emerging powers in African countries and Latin America. 1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance system since the 1970s Source: http://www.i-nobel.com; http://kan.weibo.com; http://book.douban.com Global Ecological Footprint and Living Planet Index • Living Planet Index: 30% decline since 1970 • Global Ecological Footprint: +100% increase since 1966 Source: http://www.hetkanwel.net Humanity consumes the natural resources of 1.5 planets yearly… 1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance system since the 1970s Energy and extractive industry: New scambles for resources? 5/8/2017 1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance system since the 1970s • • • • • • • • • • • 1948, IUPN (1956, IUCN) established; 1961, WWF established; 1972, Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment; 1973, UNEP established; 1980, World Conservation Strategy of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature; 1987, Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future/Brundtland Report, "Sustainable Development" 1988-89, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) established; 1992, Agenda 21, RIO conference, UNFCCC 1997, KP (Kyoto Protocol) issued 2009, Copenhagen Summit new concepts recently such as ET,JI,CDM, global gas tax, or the world carbon cap-andtrade system,etc. 5/8/2017 Source: http://news.gd.sina.com.cn; http://baike.baidu.com 1. Historical review of environmental issues and governance system since the 1970s Source: http://www.333cn.com; http://tripwow.tripadvisor.com; http://www.itu.int; http://news.cqnews.net; 8 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009. Source:http://news.xinhuanet.com; http://www.weather.com.cn 5/8/2017 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009. Some changes: • Emerging powers have amajor potential influence on cliamte change in both negative and positive senses. They are both responsbile for the sustantial recent increases in carbon emissions (e.g., China is now the largest emitter of greenhouse gases in absolute term, but not per capita), as well as the similarly large increases in renewable energy investment. • Their economic development success raises the question whether they are still correctly to be characterized as a developing countries. • Experts point out that if a serious attempt is made to prevent global warming beyond the famous 2-degree threshhold, it will be necessary for the developing countries to enter into binding commitments to limit greenhouse gas emission growth as well. 5/8/2017 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009. • Today's emerging powers have not suddenly appreared at centre stage, as has been the case, e.g., in international trade negotiations at the WTO, but were also central to what went on at, around and after Rio. • Rio was in many ways a success for the South. The countries of the South managed to secure a good deal in 1992 when they were materially a good deal weaker."A common but differentiated responsibilities". • The gains need to be contrasted with the general of movement in North-South relations at the same time. By the early 1980s that appareent cohension of the Third World coalition had been undermined by increased differentiation across the developing world (especially the rise of Asia's newly industralized countries, NICs). Source: http://www.ijizhi.com; http://news.163.com Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics. 5/8/2017 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: from RIO 1992 to Copenhagen Summit in 2009 (continued). • After all, the weakness of the South in 1992 did not prevent the industrialized world from pressing consistently and ruthlessly for very major changes in the areas of economic reform and neoliberal restructuring, and in many of the dominat rules and norms of the global economy. • Despite the longevity of these traditional positions, notable shifts began to be seen in the climate-related foreign policies of all the key emerging powers in the lead-up to the 2009 Copenhagen summit. The BASIC group of countries sidelining Europe in climate change negotiations and forcing the USA to negotiate within a very different institutional context. • Although in 2008 Copenhagen Summit all of the declarations were made in the form of voluntary pledges rather than international legal committments as such, and remained conditional on western financing, they nevetheless reflected a significant shift from the original negotiating positions of these sates, and became "vetoplayer". Source: http://www.ijizhi.com; http://news.163.com Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics. 5/8/2017 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: Rule takes or rule makers? • Development policy space remains restricted by the current rules of the global game. As a result, there remain many areas of common interest and common concern among a broad range of developing counties which remain rule takers far more rulemakers. Source: http://longhua.soufun.com Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics. 5/8/2017 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: Governance challenges 5/8/2017 2. Emerging powers in the environment agenda: Governance challenges • Climate change represents the biggest challenge and most problematic failure of the global government paradigm. • A complex mix of global governance and mixed coalitions are a form of international self-organization that are promissing and problematic, which also creates spaces for the contribution of emerging powers. • New "Greenprint" Approach with different narratives, focus, distribution of burden and actions proposed by Mattoo and Subramanian Different perception of Equality Source: http://tupian.hudong.com Hurrell and Sengupta (2012): Emerging powers, North-South relations and global climate politics. Savedoff (2012); Mattoo and Subramaian (2013) 5/8/2017 3. Cooperation: policies and practices • Major decisions on climate change and energy policies being taken within the BRICS countries, between the BRICS, and between, on the one hand, individual BRICS and, on the other, low-income countries, such as African countries? • We have not yet seen major actions or decisions taken by the BRICS as a group on climate chagne, though the issue was formalised as a key touch at the 2011 BRICS summit. • South Africa suggest itself may be well placed to act as an intermediary between the BRICS and the OECD on climate policy. • Brazil is well-placed to position itself as an ‘emerging environmental power. 5/8/2017 Source: http://www.ungdo.org; http://baike.baidu.com 4. Top concerned policies, practices and impacts of extractive companies originated from emerging powers in African countries and Latin America. Source: http://www.taiwangoodlife.org; http://news.xinhuanet.com 5/8/2017 4. Top concerned policies, practices and impacts of extractive companies originated from emerging powers in African countries and Latin America. Source: http://bbs.v6.com.cn; http://news.17ok.com; http://tupian.hudong.com; http://photo.iyaxin.com 5/8/2017