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Transcript
Biodiversity – My questions should serve as a guide, these questions are not an exhaustive list; any material from lecture, discussion or lab also is 'up for grabs.' Exam questions are short-answer, multiple choice or matching. Harder questions may require you to go beyond memorization, I will often provide you with data or a situation and ask you to apply knowledge. Once you are comfortable with these questions think of other ways to phrase the information, identify terms or look through your notes and determine what I have not asked, but likely would ask on an exam. Pose questions to one another for practice. Please come see me if you have questions or if you want to practice what you know. 1. a. b. c. d. Select the word or phrase that best defines microevolution natural selection speciation over short periods of time divergence of species over long periods of time changes in allele frequencies over a short period of time, which can lead to adaptation 2. a. b. c. d. The economist Malthus was influential in Charles Darwin’s thinking because Malthus: accompanied Darwin on his voyage proposed that all organisms could change to fit their environment suggested that populations would expand unless some negative factor kept them under control. found evidence suggesting that the earth was much older than 7,000 years 3. a. b. c. d. The value to Darwin of Lyell’s ideas on the geologic history of the earth was the fossil and radiocarbon dating method enormous lengths of time required for geologic events to occur confirmation of Lamarck’s ideas the Great Chain of Being For all matching questions, answers may be used more than once or not at all. For questions 4-7, match the type of selection that best fits the following scenario or statement. a. disruptive 4. 5. 6. 7. b. sexual c. stabilizing d. artificial e. directional Crabapples that are heaviest are preferentially eaten by Cedar Waxwings ____ Intermediate weight babies have the highest survivorship _____ Guppies with the brightest colors attract and mate with the most females _____ Type of selection practiced by Darwin when he bred pigeons for fancy feathers _____ For questions 8-10, match the type of reproductive isolating mechanism with the scenario. a. mechanical isolation b. behavioral isolation c. genetic isolation d. habitat isolation e. temporal isolation 8. Individuals meet and mate, but fertilization does not occur because the egg does not recognize the sperm’s chemical cues ______ 9. A group of snails are reproductively mature in early June and do not mate with other snails in the same population that become reproductively mature in July ______ 10. A parasite meets mates in bird digestive systems while others only find mates in mammals ____ For questions 11-13, match the examples with the term that best fits. a. adaptive radiation b. vestigial structure c. biogeography d. convergent evolution 11. Humans have a tailbone, but we do not have a tail _____ 12. Organisms live in certain locations on Earth, which can be influenced by continental drift _____ 13. A single population of mice moves into an island. Over time, five different species result ____ 14. Which of the following may be considered a type of postzygotic isolating mechanisms? a. offspring do not survive to reproduction b. offspring do not produce viable gametes (egg and sperm) c. offspring are never formed because the parents cannot physically mate d. all of the above e. a and b only 15. What is a homologous structure? How does it differ from analogous structures? 16. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term. a. When migration and reproduction occurs between populations, allele frequencies can change. The term for this change in allele frequencies due to migration is ___________________. b. The idea that mitochondria and choloroplasts were originally free-living prokaryotes that were incorporated into a eukaryotic cell is called the _____________________ hypothesis. c. The highest group in classification is called a _________________; Archaebacteria and Bacteria are prokaryotic examples of this group. d. Scientists practice__________________ when they identify organisms, name and classify them. e. Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans. Which part is the genus? _______________ Use the table below to answer 17 and 18. Your undergraduate research focuses on robins. Over 4 years, you record the number of viable offspring produced for small, medium and large eggs (110 of each kind). You also follow these offspring and record the number of offspring that reproduced. EGG SIZE # VIABLE OFFSPRING # OFFSPRING REPRODUCING Small eggs (n=110) 100 100 Medium eggs (n=110) 43 23 Large eggs (n=110) 107 98 17. Your data demonstrate a type of: a. sexual selection b. disruptive selection c. directional selection e. stabilizing selection 18. What are the relative fitness values for small, medium and large eggs respectively? a. 1; 0.23; 1 b. 1; 0.23; 0.98 c. 1; 0.77; 0.02 d. 0.91; 0.21; 0.89 19. The concept of a molecular clock is based on the idea that a. neutral mutations accumulate at a regular rate, thus time of divergence can be estimated. b. radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate and can predict time of divergence. c. harmful mutations occur at predictable times, thus time of divergence can be estimated. d. DNA is very similar in primates, thus primates are closely related and diverged more recently. 20. Speciation occurs only: a. when mutations generate morphological differences. b. if allele frequencies diverge. c. if populations become reproductively isolated. d. if natural selection acts differently in the populations. For questions 21-23, use the choices to select the era that best corresponds with each event. a. Paleozoic b. Cenozoic c. Mesozoic d. Archean e. Proterozoic 21. First eukaryotic cells arise; oxygen present in atmosphere ______ 22. Embryos are protected from dry conditions in enclosed eggs and seed coats ______ 23. Colonization of land by plants and amphibians; formation of fossil fuel reserves we use today ____ 24. Only prokaryotic cells are present for ~2 billion years ______ 25. Experiments on chemical evolution, like those performed by Miller and Urey, demonstrate that: a. Cell membranes will form spontaneously to organize cells. b. DNA forms readily and reproduces itself. c. Many complete prokaryotic cells are formed after 3 months. d. Chemical components necessary for life such as simple amino acids and nucleotides can form from gases that were present on an early Earth. 26. Be able to discuss homonoid evolution. Differentiate between pongids and homonoids and homonids. What are the morphological characteristics common to the homonoids? What selective factors may have led to changes in homonoid form and the development of adapatations? How are homonids different? How are the different Homo species different from one another? 27. Define evolution; differentiate between macro and microevolution and the concepts related to each subdiscipline. What mechanisms cause evolutionary change? Understand how all 4 mechanisms work. 28. Understand 2-3 mechanisms that might cause or create variation in a gene pool? What is the definition of the term phenotypic variation, what causes this type of variation? How do we determine if traits are caused by the environment or genes? Are most traits one or the other, or caused by both factors? In order for a trait to be selected for (or against) the trait must be partly determined genetically, why? If someone a crime is committed we can use variation in DNA to help determine who committed the crime. Please be able to explain what evidence is needed, and how that evidence is obtained and analyzed (CSI lab). 29. What is the difference between a simple and a continuous trait? If you were to plot the number of individuals (y-axis) and differences in the trait (x-axis), what might a trait that is continuous look like? 30. What is an adaptation? How do adaptations evolve? What is a population? If individuals are selected for, why can only populations evolve? What is adaptive radiation? Why might adaptive radiation commonly occur on island systems? 32. Clearly identify the formal requirements for evolution by natural selection. Use an example. What is artificial selection? Differentiate between stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection. 33. Why might genetic diversity be low in populations that came close to going extinct? What is inbreeding and its effect on diversity over time? Differentiate between a bottleneck and a founder event. What is genetic drift, why does it have more pronounced effects in small populations? 34. Discuss why coloration in Endler’s guppies does not appear to be perfectly adapted. How might competition explain why many similar species tend to live in different habitats (=niches)? What is sexual selection and how does it differ from natural selection? Review other questions related to the Beak of the Finch reading. Understand them. 35. Understand the different lines of evidence used to support evolution (e.g. fossil data, biogeography, anatomical, developmental, molecular). Be able to provide data or trends that support each concept. What is radiometric dating and how is it used to date fossils? What is a molecular clock and how are they used in evolutionary biology? 36. What was the early Earth like? How old is the Earth? Understand the environmental conditions that existed during the non-living and living periods 37. What are the different geologic eras of the Earth’s history? Approximately how long does each period last? What were major trends in biological diversity in each era? What are the organisms characteristic of each period? 38. What were the major metabolic pathways? (eg. Chemoautotrophs vs. photoautotrophs). What organisms respire (answer – all organisms if they have oxygen and can undergo aerobic respiration)? When did photosynthesis first appear? What happened when photosynthesis evolved? Understand why oxygen was produced and the results of oxygen release into the atmosphere 39. When did eukaryotic organisms arise? What is endosymbiosis and the relevance of this hypothesis? What data support this hypothesis? 40. What did the experiments that mimicked conditions on early earth reveal? 41. What do we mean by heirarchial classification? What are the different levels that all organisms belong to (e.g. domains, kingdoms, phyla, etc)? What is taxonomy? Why do we need to classify and name organisms using a scientific name rather than a common name? 42. How did antibiotic resistance evolve? Resistance to an antibiotic first arose via a mutation, I thought all mutations were bad, am I wrong? What are mutations and their importance to evolution? What are hox genes? How do they affect development, and why is this important? 43. What is a species (note – there may be more than one way to define this)? What are two different ways that species can evolve? Why are reproductive isolating mechanisms important for determining if two organisms are two different species? 44. Why do biologists state that all organisms on the planet share a common ancestor? Basically, what data support this statement? 45. Who was Charles Darwin? When did he live? What did he do and propose? What were his influences? How did what he read and see influences his theory of natural selection? What were the dominant philosophies prior to the 1800s and emerging in the 1800s? Who was Wallace, Smith, Lyell, Lamarck, Malthus, Mendel? 46. What is gene flow? How do limitations in gene flow potentially cause evolution? 47. What is required for two species to evolve from one species? Differentiate between the different types of reproductive isolating mechanisms. Differentiate between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation via hybridization. 48. Labs: CSI lab, Natural selection lab, Beak of the Finch discussion, Plant lab – for the plants focus on the evolutionary changes that occurred within the plant lineage as plants evolved from aquatic ancestors to groups that are better adapted for living on dry land. What kinds of structural changes occurred that aided plants for life on dry land. Which groups evolved things like fruit, cones, pollen, vascular system, true roots, flowers, woody growth?