Download Classical conditioning

Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey
11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Seven:
Basic Principles of Learning
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Definition of Learning
Learning:
- any relatively permanent change in
behavior brought about through
experience
- change is not always immediately obvious
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Classical Conditioning
Classical
conditioning:
- stimulus:
- arbitrary
- response:
- elicited
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Association:
- key element in
classical
conditioning
- association of two
stimuli
- neutral stimulus
- timing
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Terminology of
classical conditioning:
- unconditioned
stimulus (UCS)
- unconditioned
response (UCR)
- conditioned stimulus
(CS)
- conditioned response
(CR)
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Definition of classical conditioning:
- form of learning in which a previously
neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by
a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an
unconditioned response (UCR)
- does not depend on the behavior of the
individual being conditioned
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Importance of classical conditioning:
- helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of
human behavior:
- Little Albert
- counterconditioning
- plays a role in our physical health
- sexual arousal
- phobias
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning:
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
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Positive Reinforcement
Issues in the use of
positive reinforcement:
- timing:
- delay of reinforcement
- consistency in the
delivery of
reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement (cont.)
Issues in the use of positive reinforcement
(cont.):
- primary reinforcers
- secondary reinforcers
- schedules of reinforcement:
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
Shaping:
- method of
successive
approximations
- Skinner box
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement:
- removal or avoidance of a negative event
- escape conditioning
- avoidance conditioning
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Punishment
Punishment:
- a negative consequence that leads to
a reduction in the frequency of
the behavior that produced it
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Punishment (cont.)
Dangers of punishment:
- reinforcing to the punisher
- generalized inhibiting effect
- learning to dislike and act aggressively
toward the punisher
- criticism trap
- does not teach appropriate behavior
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Punishment (cont.)
Guidelines for the use of punishment:
- do not use physical punishment
- punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
- positively reinforce appropriate behavior to
take the place of the inappropriate
behavior
- punish specific behaviors
- do not mix punishment with rewards for the
same behavior
- do not back down
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Contrasting Classical and
Operant Conditioning
Classical
conditioning:
- association between
two stimuli
- involves reflexive,
involuntary
behaviors
- UCS is paired with the
CS independent of
individual’s
behavior
Operant conditioning
- association between a
response and the
resulting
consequence
- complicated voluntary
behaviors
- reinforcing
consequence
occurs only if the
response being
conditioned has just
been elicited
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Stimulus Discrimination and
Generalization
Stimulus discrimination:
- discrimination
between appropriate
and inappropriate
occasions for a
response
Stimulus generalization:
- one does not always
discriminate between
stimuli that are similar
to one another
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Extinction: Learning When to
Quit
Removing the source of learning:
- partial reinforcement effect:
- schedule of reinforcement and type of
reinforcement greatly influence the speed
of extinction
- response prevention:
- avoidance responses are prevented to be sure
the individual sees that the negative
consequences do not occur
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Extinction: Learning When to
Quit (cont.)
Spontaneous Recovery:
- if there is a long period of
time between
presentations of the
CS, the fear can
reappear the next
time the CS is
presented
Disinhibition:
- if an intense but unrelated
stimulus event occurs, it
may cause the strength
of the extinguished
response to return
temporarily
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning
Cognition or
connection?
- place learning:
- cognitive map
- latent learning
- insight learning and
learning sets:
- insight
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning (cont.)
Modeling:
- eliciting desired behavior by showing how
it is done
- Albert Bandura:
- modeling:
- Bobo doll
- vicarious reinforcement
- vicarious punishment
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning (cont.)
Biological factors in learning:
- Cook and Mineka:
- lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching
video
- John Garcia:
- learned taste aversion:
- chemotherapy side effect
- wildlife preservation:
- sheep and coyotes
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