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Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Seven: Basic Principles of Learning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Definition of Learning Learning: - any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience - change is not always immediately obvious © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning: - stimulus: - arbitrary - response: - elicited © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Association: - key element in classical conditioning - association of two stimuli - neutral stimulus - timing © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Terminology of classical conditioning: - unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - unconditioned response (UCR) - conditioned stimulus (CS) - conditioned response (CR) © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Definition of classical conditioning: - form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) - does not depend on the behavior of the individual being conditioned © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Importance of classical conditioning: - helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of human behavior: - Little Albert - counterconditioning - plays a role in our physical health - sexual arousal - phobias © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning: - positive reinforcement - negative reinforcement - punishment © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Reinforcement Issues in the use of positive reinforcement: - timing: - delay of reinforcement - consistency in the delivery of reinforcement © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Reinforcement (cont.) Issues in the use of positive reinforcement (cont.): - primary reinforcers - secondary reinforcers - schedules of reinforcement: - fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Schedules of Reinforcement © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Reinforcement Shaping: - method of successive approximations - Skinner box © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement: - removal or avoidance of a negative event - escape conditioning - avoidance conditioning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment Punishment: - a negative consequence that leads to a reduction in the frequency of the behavior that produced it © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment (cont.) Dangers of punishment: - reinforcing to the punisher - generalized inhibiting effect - learning to dislike and act aggressively toward the punisher - criticism trap - does not teach appropriate behavior © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment (cont.) Guidelines for the use of punishment: - do not use physical punishment - punish the inappropriate behavior immediately - positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior - punish specific behaviors - do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior - do not back down © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning: - association between two stimuli - involves reflexive, involuntary behaviors - UCS is paired with the CS independent of individual’s behavior Operant conditioning - association between a response and the resulting consequence - complicated voluntary behaviors - reinforcing consequence occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been elicited © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization Stimulus discrimination: - discrimination between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response Stimulus generalization: - one does not always discriminate between stimuli that are similar to one another © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Extinction: Learning When to Quit Removing the source of learning: - partial reinforcement effect: - schedule of reinforcement and type of reinforcement greatly influence the speed of extinction - response prevention: - avoidance responses are prevented to be sure the individual sees that the negative consequences do not occur © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Extinction: Learning When to Quit (cont.) Spontaneous Recovery: - if there is a long period of time between presentations of the CS, the fear can reappear the next time the CS is presented Disinhibition: - if an intense but unrelated stimulus event occurs, it may cause the strength of the extinguished response to return temporarily © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning Cognition or connection? - place learning: - cognitive map - latent learning - insight learning and learning sets: - insight © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.) Modeling: - eliciting desired behavior by showing how it is done - Albert Bandura: - modeling: - Bobo doll - vicarious reinforcement - vicarious punishment © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.) Biological factors in learning: - Cook and Mineka: - lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching video - John Garcia: - learned taste aversion: - chemotherapy side effect - wildlife preservation: - sheep and coyotes © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.