Download Organic Molecules

Biochemistry
Organic
Molecules
Target #20- I can differentiate
between inorganic and organic
molecules
 Inorganic
molecules constitutes non- living
matter that play important roles in living things

Ex: NaCl
 Organic



molecules constitutes living matter
Always contains carbon and hydrogen
Accounts for the formation of a variety of organic
molecules
Macromolecules
 Known
as the “molecules of life”
 Made most of elements like carbon and hydrogen

Monomer: a simple
organic molecule that
exists individually

A basic unit of a
macromolecule
 Polymer:
many
monomers linked
together

Linked through a
dehydration reaction
 Removal
of a water
molecule
Target #21- I
can
differentiate
between a
monomer and
a polymer
 Each
macromolecule
has a corresponding
monomer and polymer

Types of
macromolecules
 Proteins
 lipids
 Carbohydrates
 Nucleic
acids
Target #22- I can
list the 4
macromolecules
Target #23- I can describe the
function of a carbohydrate
 Carbohydrates




Function for quick fuel and short-term energy
storage
Play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, and
animals like insects
Are involved in cell-to-cell recognition
Characterized by the presence of the atomic
grouping H-C-OH
 The
monomer of
carbohydrates is a
monosaccharide

Ex: glucose
 Glucose
is used as an
immediate source of
energy in both plants
and animals

Ex: fructose
 Found

in fruits
Disaccharide: contains
two monosaccharides
that have joined
together
 Ex:
 The
sucrose & lactose
polymer of a
carbohydrate is a
polysaccharide
Target #24- I
can identify
the monomer
and polymer
of
carbohydrates
Target #25- I can identify the 3
polysaccharide molecules of
carbohydrates
 Starch
is a storage
molecule in plants
 Glycogen is a storage
molecule in animals

Found in the liver
 Cellulose
cell walls

is found in plant
Makes plants hard to
digest
Biochemistry
Proteins
Target #26- I can describe the
function of a protein
 Perform

many functions
Provides support structures
 Keratin
hair and nails
 Collagen ligaments, tendons, and skin

Controls metabolism
 Some

proteins are enzymes
Enzymes speed chemical reactions
 Hormone



production
Muscle function
Transportation of molecules in the blood
Cellular transport of molecules
 The
monomer of a
protein is an amino acid
 The polymer of a protein
is a polypeptide


Made up of 2 or more
amino acids
Amino acids are
bonded via a
polypeptide bond
 Occurs
between the
oxygen, carbon,
nitrogen, and hydrogen
atoms
 Polypeptides vary in
shape depending on the
composition
Target #27- I
can identify
the monomer
& polymer of
a protein
 The
shape of a protein is
important to its function

When proteins are
exposed to extremes in
heat and pH, they
denature
 An
irreversible change in
shape

Ex: heating an egg white
cases it to coagulate
 Occurs
because the
normal bonding
between the
polypeptides has been
disturbed

Once a protein loses it’s
shape, it can no longer
perform its function
Target #28- I
can explain
why the
shape of a
protein is
important to
its function
Bellwork
In what foods or
organisms do we find
lipids?
Biochemistry
Lipids
Target #29- I can describe the function a lipid
 Fats and oils function as energy storage
molecules
 Phospholipids form a membrane around the
cell
 Basis for steroids, like estrogen and
testosterone
 Diverse in structure and function
 Common
characteristic do not dissolve in
water
 Aka: hydrophobic
 Do
not have a monomer or a polymer
Target #30- I can describe the
structure and function of fats & oils
 Fats


& Oils
& butter
oil & soybean oil
energy
storage
 Insulates against heat
loss
 Forms a protective
cushion around major
organs
Oils are liquid at room
temperature
 Corn
Function
 Long-term
Most familiar lipids
Fats are solid at room
temperature
 Lard



Structure
 Made
of a glycerol & 3
fatty acid chains

Called triglycerides
Target #31- I can differentiate between
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acid


A hydrocarbon chain that
ends with the acidic group
COOH
Either saturated or
unsaturated

Saturated fatty acids have
no double covalent bonds
between carbon atoms


The carbon chain is
saturated with all the
hydrogens it can hold
Account for the solid nature
of fats, like butter, at room
temperature
 Unsaturated
fatty acids
have double bonds
between carbon atoms
wherever the number of
hydrogens is less than
two per carbon atom

Accounts for the liquid
nature of vegetable oils
at room temperature
 Phospholipids


Lipids that contain a
phosphate group
The polar phosphate
bonds to two fatty acid
groups
 The
phosphate group is
polar

Hydrophilic
 Fatty
polar


acid tails are non-
Hydrophobic
Primary components of
cellular membranes
 Form
a bilayer where the
heads are on the
outside, and the tails are
on the inside
Target #32- I can
explain the
structure of a
phospholipid
Nucleic
Acids
Target #33- I can describe the
monomer of a nucleic acid
 The
monomer of a Nucleic Acid is a
nucleotide


Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, a
pentose sugar, and a nitrogencontaining base
Five nitrogen containing bases





adenine
Guaninie
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil
 The
polymer of a
nucleic acid is DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
 DNA
is made of the
monomers adenine,
guanine, cytosine,
and thymine
 RNA is made of the
monomers adenine,
guanine, cytosine,
and uracil
Target #34- I
can identify
the polymers
of nucleic
acids
Target #35- I can explain how
nucleotides form a polymer
 The
nucleotides form a linear
molecule called a strand


Alternating phosphates and
sugars create a back bone
In DNA, two strands twist
together to form a double helix
 Held
together by hydrogen
bonds
 The bases bond together to
make “rungs” like in a ladder

In RNA, a single strand forms
 Used
to complement DNA