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Special senses (continued) Receptors are classified into 3 types • Exteroceptors – located near the body surface, are specialized to perceive stimuli from the external environment; other exteroceptors include receptors for vision, hearing, smell and taste • Interoceptors – are specialized to perceive sensory information from visceral organs • Proprioceptors – located in joint capsules, tendons, muscle spindles, inner ear, are specialized to perceive information that relates to an awareness of the body in space and movement Anatomy of the vestibulo-cochlear organ Vestibulo-cochlear organ includes • Outer ear – Auricula – External acoustic meatus – Tympanic membrane • Middle ear – Tympanic cavity – Three ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes – Auditory (Eustachian) tube • Inner ear – Bony and membranous labyrinths External acoustic meatus Middle ear Bony, membranous and sensory labyrinths Inner ear • Bony labyrinth – Cochlea – Vestibulum – Three semicircular canals • Membranous labyrinth – Cochlear duct – Sacculus and Utriculus – Three semicircular ducts • Sensory labyrinth Macula of the utricle: hair cells Hair cells of the maculae Crista ampullaris of the semicircular duct LM of the crista ampullaris and of macula SEM of the hair cells and the otoliths Organ of Corti in the cochlear duct Axial section through the cochlea LM of the organ of Corti SEM of the organ of Corti hair cells Histophysiology of the organ of Corti Olfactory perception (odors detection) The olfactory region LM of the human olfactory mucosa EM of the rat olfactory epithelium Taste perception (taste buds) Lingual papillae and a taste bud LM of taste buds in circumvallatae papilla EM of a taste bud Mechanoreceptors include • Nonencapsulated – peritrichial and corneal naked nerve endings – Merkel’s disks • Encapsulated – Meissner’s corpuscles – Pacinian corpuscles – Ruffini’s corpuscles – Krause’s end bulbs – Golgi tendon organs – Muscle spindles Various types of mechanoreceptors A, Merkel’s disk; B, Meissner’s corpuscle; C, Pacinian corpuscle; D, Peritrichial nerve endings; E, Ruffini’s corpuscle; F, Krause’s end bulb; G, Muscle spindle; H, Golgi tendon organ Free nerve endings Merkel’s cells and Merkel’s disks Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles Muscle spindle