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Learning
Learning Targets
1. Distinguish general differences between principles of
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning (e.g., contingencies).
2. Describe basic classical conditioning phenomena,
such as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, discrimination, and higher-order
learning.
Associative Learning
●
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learning that certain events go
together
can be 2 stimuli going together and
anticipating a response (classical
conditioning)
can be a response and its consequence
going together (operant conditioning)
Cognitive Learning
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we acquire mental information that
guides our behavior.
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we can learn things without having a
reward/punishment or being
conditioned to respond to a stimuli
Behaviorism
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the view that psychology should study only
observable behavior because that is the only
thing that is truly objective.
no reference to mental processes when
studying behavior
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
It all started with
Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is the type of learning in
which a stimulus gains the power to cause an
involuntary response
●
A STIMULUS is anything in the environment one
can respond to
●A RESPONSE is any behavior or action
●
***a type of learning by association***
What is classical conditioning?
●
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When your brain and nervous system
make an association between 2 stimuli
(things).
Example:
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food and a bell
A song and holding hands with your “friend”
Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS)
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Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively
and automatically
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a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
●
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Automatic response to the
unconditioned stimulus
The relationship between the UCS
and UCR must be reflexive and not
learned
Conditioned
Stimulus (CS)
●
Previously neutral stimulus that, through
learning, gains the power to cause a
response
●
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an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with
the UCS, comes to trigger a response.
The CS must be a neutral stimulus before
conditioning occurs.
Conditioned
Response
●
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Response to the conditioned stimulus
Usually the same (or very similar)
behavior as the UCR
e
Oh, hello!?!?
Acquisition
●
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Process of developing a learned
response
The subject learns a new response (CR)
to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)
Extinction
•The diminishing of a conditioned
response.
•Will eventually happen when the UCS
does not follow the CS.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a classically conditioned response
– usually after a rest period.
● You have been classically conditioned to salivate at a
tone, because the tone was paired with meat powder.
● Eventually, that learning may become extinct.
● If…after a long period of NOT getting any meat
powder, you suddenly salivate at a tone because you
had a weird thought that you might get meat
powder…you’ve experienced Spontaneous Recovery!
Generalization
●
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The tendency, once a response has
been conditioned, for stimuli similar to
the CS to elicit similar responses
dog barks at doorbell and all other
bell-like noises
Discrimination
•The learned ability to distinguish
between a CS and other stimuli that
does not signal UCS.
●
dog knows the difference between
your doorbell and all other bell like
noises
Pavlov’s Experiment
Little Albert
●
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11-month-old infant
Watson and Rosalie Rayner, conditioned
Albert to be frightened of white rats
Led to questions about experimental ethics
Let’s watch Little Albert.
What happened to Little Albert?
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in 2009, it was determined that Albert was
Douglas Merritte, a 9 month old son of a
University employee who was paid $1 for her
son to participate.
he died at age 6 from hydrocephalus
Watson and Raynor hid the child’s intellectual
delays in their reports. These MAY have
impacted the results.
And Watson?
●
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He married his assistant, Rosalie Rayner
he was fired from his professor job
ended up working at an advertising company
and worked on Maxwell House coffee
commercials, making “coffee break” an
American custom.
In your notes
Using the Little Albert case, identify the
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Class Practice
Ariana walks to school every day. Each time the yellow school
bus drives by, it drives through a huge puddle and splashes
her! Now, whenever she sees a yellow school bus, she jumps
back in fear of being splashed!
•UCS
•UCR
•CS
•CR
Class Practice
Your history teacher likes to assign group projects and you
always end up in the group of slackers where you do ALL of
the work. You absolutely hate the history projects and would
rather take notes. He always prints the project outline and
rubric on bright pink paper. Today, as your teacher enters the
room, you notice he has a stack of bright pink papers and you
immediately become agitated and upset.
●
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UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Class Practice
Chuck is a mediocre student and over the years he has received
many lectures from his parents about his poor study habits. He
received another report card full of C’s and D’s today and he
knows that once his parents come home they will want to
lecture him again. To distract himself from the nervousness, he
plays video games for several hours, but later as he hears the
garage door open, his heart begins to race.
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UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Applications of Classical
Conditioning
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former drug addicts feel cravings when in the
drug-using context or places associated with
previous highs, advised to find new
friends/hang out places
a taste that accompanies a drug influencing
the immune system can produce an immune
response