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The History and Structure of DNA EQ: How is DNA constructed? What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code. History of Heredity Why am I so gorgeous? Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation. But, I haven’t figured out how this happens Frederick Griffith Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae He worked with 2 strains of the bacteria: A disease causing a strain which grew in smooth colonies A harmless strain that grew in rough colonies Frederick Griffith He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats. These are his results: Frederick Griffith Live Smooth Bacteria Live Rough Bacteria Dead Smooth Bacteria Live R+ dead S Bacteria Griffith Proved: That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substance to the harmless, living bacteria. We now know this as “transformation”. Griffith discovered that transformation could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria This substance was later determined to be DNA! DNA Erwin Chargaff DNA nucleotides are made up of 4 different nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C AA A A AA A TT T T T TT C CC GG G Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix. Diffraction X ray DNA Watson and Crick Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. Watson and Crick They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Franklin had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously. lipids Nucleic acids Proteins carbohydrates DNA is a Nucleic Acid What is a nucleic acid? Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds. DNA DNA Structure What is the monomer for nucleic acids? What is the structure of this monomer? nucleotide phosphate sugar nitrogen base PO4 N base Sugar Deoxyribose A NUCLEOTIDE 1. Phosphate Group 3. 5-Carbon 2. Nitrogen Base Sugar 2. 5-Carbon Sugar 1. Phosphate Group (Dexoyribose or Ribose) (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. 1. 3. Nitrogen Base 2. O O P O 3. 1. 2. O C H2 C H3 C O CH HC C H CH HO H O Nucleotides, too O C CH N N C O H Nucleotides There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Purines Adenine A Guanine G N base Pyrimidines Thymine T Cytosine C Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules Adenine always bonds with thymine. Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) A T The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds G C Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C) Pairing DNA Nucleotides What would is the a nucleotide? base be the pairing complementary rule? nucleotide pairing? Nucleotide P S N-b C G Rule A A to T A C to G T G DNA DOUBLE HELIX 5’End 3’End ladder shaped molecule Antiparallel structure 3’End 5’End Purpose of DNA Why do we have DNA? DNA contains our genetic information Where is it stored? In the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell. TRY THIS! Using the base pairing rules, match up the corresponding bases to this segment of DNA. DNA left strand: ACTTAGGCGTCA DNA right strand: ? TRY THIS! Answer: DNA left strand: ACTTAGGCGTCA DNA right strand:TGAATCCGCAGT