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Differentiation Higher Human Biology Differentiation • unspecialised cells become altered and adapted • perform a specialised function • permanent tissue • Division of labour • Multicellular organisms Differentiation in Human Cells • Fertilised egg (zygote) • Divides rapidly by mitosis and cell division to form an embryo • Many different specialised cells created – each adapted to suit its function. • Each embryonic cell contains all the genes for constructing the whole organism • Unlike adult cells these genes are either switched on/ have the potential to be switched on. • As embryological development proceeds embryonic cells become differentiated and specialised in; – Structure – Biochemical properties • Perfectly adapted to carry out particular functions. Somatic cells B Lymphocyte Smooth muscle Hyaline cartilage Somatic cells neutrophil Ciliated epithelial cell Red blood cell platelets Somatic cells Cardiac muscle Squamous epithelial cells Nerve cells T lymphocyte Selective Gene Expression • Differentiated cells only express the genes that code for the proteins specific to the workings of that particular cell. Nerve cells - genes that code for formation of neurotransmitter substances switched on - genes for production of mucus switched off. Goblet cells – genes that code for mucus production switched on - Genes that code for neurotransmitters switched off. • Only a fraction of genes in a specialised cell are expressed. • Approx 3 – 5 % in a typical human cell.