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NiAbi, Connor, Michael, and Jean Chapter 4 Organic Chemistry- The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds) Hydrocarbons- Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen Isomers- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and different properties Structural isomers- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers- Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements Enantiomers- isomers that are mirror images of each other Functional group- Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- consisting of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphates that when reacts with water creates adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a release of energy Keytone- a carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton Aldehyde- a carbonyl group on the end of a carbon skeleton The main thought was that organic compounds could only arise in living organisms but then chemists synthesized these compound in the lab disproving vitalism. Carbon can bond with various atoms forming carbon skeletons of organic compounds. These carbon skeletons vary in length and shape creating the molecular diversity we see in life today. chemical groups attached to these carbon skeletons participate in chemical reactions or contribute to function by affecting molecular shape, these groups are called functional groups. Name this Hydrocarbon a) b) c) d) e) Methane Ethene Ethane Ethylene Both b and d What kind of ethane model is this? a) Molecular formula b) Structural formula c) Ball-and-stick model d) Space-filling model e) None of the above What is organic chemistry a) b) c) d) e) The study of The study of The study of living cells The study of The study of vital forces hydrocarbons compounds made only by vital forces carbon compounds Which chemical group would most likely be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? a) b) c) d) e) Amino Carboxyl Carbonyl Hydroxyl Phosphate Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? a) b) c) d) e) C3 H 8 C2 H 6 CH4 C2 H 2 C2 H 4 What structure is this? a) b) c) d) e) Adenosine diphosphate Glycerol phosphate Acetic acid Adenosine triphosphate Thiols When ATP reacts with water what is created? a) b) c) d) e) An organic phosphate Adenosine diphosphate Energy An inorganic phosphate b, c, and d What is it called when a carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton? a) b) c) d) e) Keytone Inlayed carbonyl Aldehyde Ketoses Aldoses What is an example of an amino? a) b) c) d) e) Cysteine Glycerol phosphate Glycine Propanal 5-Methyl cytidine What gives vinegar its sour taste? a) b) c) d) e) Amino acids Acetic acid All carboxylic acids Thiols Amines Describe what happens and what is left when adenosine triphosphate turns into adenosine diphosphate. Chapter 5 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material ◦ Examples Monosachharides glucose fructose Disaccharides lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin ◦ Functions Fuel Polysaccharide functions Cellulose, strengthens plant cell walls Starch, stores glucose for energy Glycogen, stores glucose for energy Chitin, strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules ◦ Examples Triacylglycerols glycerol + 3 fatty acids Phospholipids phosphate group + 2 fatty acids Steroids four fused rings with attached chemical groups ◦ Functions Triacylglycerols Important energy source Phospholipids Lipid bilayers of membranes Steroids Component of cell membranes (cholesterol) Signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones) Proteins have many structures resulting in a wide range of functions ◦ Examples Enzymes Catalyze chemical reactions Structural proteins Provide structural support Storage proteins Store amino acids Transport proteins Transport substances Hormones Coordinate organismal responses Receptor proteins Receive signals from outside the cell Motor proteins Function in cell movement Defensive proteins Protect against disease Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information ◦ Examples DNA Sugar – Deoxyribose Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, T Usually double-helix RNA Sugar – Ribose Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, U Usually single stranded ◦ Functions DNA Store all hereditary information RNA Carries protein-coding instructions from DNA to proteinsynthesizing machinery Macromolecules – any large molecule, such as a protein or polymer, consisting of several smaller structural units linked together. Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together. Monomer - is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer. Enzymes – biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions. Carbohydrate – organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Encompass most sugars and sugar polymers Polypeptides – Linear organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids Protein – Any organic molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides Denaturation – When a protein is altered due to exposure to certain chemical or physical factors. This usually causes the protein to become biologically inactive. Chaperonins – Protein molecules that assist in the folding of other protein molecules Nucleic acids - A complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. Which term includes the rest on the list? A. B. C. D. E. Monosaccharide Disaccharide Starch Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if they are in alpha form. Which of the following can amylase break down? A. B. C. D. E. Glycogen, starch, and amylopectin Glycogen and cellulose Cellulose and chitin Starch and chitin Starch, amylopectin, and cellulose Which of the following statements about unsaturated fats is true? A. B. C. D. They are more common in animals than plants They have double bonds in their carbon trains Generally solidify at room temperature Contain more hydrogen than saturated fats with the same amount of carbon E. Fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule Structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is… A. B. C. D. E. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quarternary All levels are affected equally Which of the following pairs produce a normal stretch of double-helix DNA A. B. C. D. 5’-AGCT-3’ with 5’-TCGA-3’ 5’-GCGC-3’ with 5’-TATA-3’ 5’- ATGC-3’ with 5’-GCAT-3’ 5’- purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3’ with 3’-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5’ E. All pairs are correct Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds joining the nucleotides together. What would happen to a DNA molecule treated with these enzymes? A. B. The double helix would split The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars are broken C. Purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars D. Pyrimadines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars E. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars Glucose's molecular formula is C6 H12 O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer, comprised of ten glucose molecules, bound my dehydration synthesis? A. B. C. D. E. C60 H120 O60 C6 H12 O6 C60 H102 O51 C60 H100 O50 C60 H111 O51 Purines are consisted of? A. B. C. D. E. A 6-ring and a 5-ring A 5-ring and a 5-ring Just a 5-ring Just a 6-ring Rainbow flatulence and unicorn droppings What does antiparallel mean? A. B. C. D. DNA strands run in opposite directions DNA strands having a disagreement DNA strands that have the same base connected When there are more than 2 dimers in the same strand E. There are mismatched bases in the strand What are chaperonins? A. Proteins that keep other proteins in line B. Proteins designed to assist in apoptosis C. Proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins D. Proteins that shield weaker ones from danger E. Proteins that destroy misfolded proteins What happens in denaturation? A. B. C. D. E. Proteins Proteins Proteins Proteins Proteins become malformed are synthesized are refolded are used to make other proteins have a shift in pH level How many levels of protein structure are there? A. B. C. D. E. 1 2 3 4 Over 9000 How many amino acids are there? A. B. C. D. E. 10 17 42 20 100 Define Polymer. A. B. C. D. E. A collection of monomers into one molecule Building blocks of cupcakes The stuff inside of Super Glue The building blocks of macromolecules Both A and D The breaking of a polymer is called A. B. C. D. E. Hydrolosis Dehydration Synthesis Poly-Splicing Osmosis Binary Fission Chapter 8 Metabolism: The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions Catabolism: Energy releasement by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones. Anabolism: Energy: is the capacity to cause change. Metabolism is aided by enzymes that select either an anabolic pathway or a catabolic pathway. Kinetic energy: is energy that can be associated with relative motion of objects. Thermal energy: is kinetic energy as associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. Potential energy: energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. 1st law of Thermodynamics: is the conservation of energy, it can not be created or destroyed. 2nd Law states that spontaneous changes, increase entropy of the universe. Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness. Free Energy: is the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the cell ∆G – change in free energy ∆H- change in enthalpy (∆S): ∆G= ∆H- T∆S Organisms live at the cost of free energy and during a spontaneous change, free energy reduces and stability increases. Maximum stability is equilibrium and the system does no work Energy coupling: the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. Hydrolysis at the terminal phosphate group produces ADP and phosphate and releases free energy When ATP goes through hydrolysis it gives off free energy. It drives an endergonic reaction by giving a phosphate group to reactants. Organisms use ATP continuously, but ATP is a renewable resources. The free energy required to phosphorylate ADP comes from exergonic breakdowns in the cell Catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to _____. A. B. C. D. E. exergonic; spontaneous exergonic; endergonic free energy; entropy work; energy entropy; enthalpy Most cells cannot harness heat to do work because... A. B. C. D. E. heat is not a form of energy they are relatively cool temperature is uniform in cells heat cannot be used to do work heat must remain constant during work Which metabolic process can occur without a net influx of energy from some other processes? A. B. C. D. E. ADP + Pi → ATP + H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 6 CO2 + 6 H20 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Amino acids → Proteins glucose + fructose → sucrose If an enzyme is placed in a solution saturated with substrate, the best way to receive a faster yield of product is... A. B. C. D. E. add more enzyme heat the solution to 90º C add more substrate add an allosteric inhibitor add a noncompetitive inhibitor If an enzyme is added to a solution where it's substrate and product are in equilibrium, what would happen? A. Additional product would be formed B. Additional substrate would be formed C. The reaction would change from endergonic to exergonic D. The free energy of the system would change E. Nothing. The reaction would remain at equilibrium Some bacterium are metabolically active in hot springs because... A. they are able to maintain low internal body temperature B. high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary C. their enzymes have high optimum temperatures D. their enzymes are unaffected by high temperatures E. they use molecules other than proteins or RNA's as their main catalysts Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways? A. They combine molecules into more complex and energy-rich molecules. B. They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP C. They involve endergonic reactions that break complex molecules into simpler ones D. They do not need enzyme catalysts E. They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds. According to the second law of thermodynamics... A. the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing B. every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment C. the total amount of energy in the universe is conserved or constant D. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction E. energy can be transferred or transformed, but it can be neither created nor destroyed. Which term most precisely describes the general process of combining small molecules to form large molecules ? A. B. C. D. E. Metabolism dehydration catabolism anabolism endergonic reaction According to the first law of thermodynamics A. B. C. D. E. energy is neither created nor destroyed all processes increase the entropy of the universe matter can be neither created nor destroyed systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable both A and B are correct Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways? A. B. C. D. E. Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways. Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways. Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules. The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is reversible. Which is not true of enzyme behavior? A. Enzyme shape may change following initial binding of the substrate. B. The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their reactive parts. C. All enzymes have an active site where substrates are temporarily bound. D. An individual enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions. E. Enzymes are sensitive to pH changes. Which of the following characteristics is associated with allosteric regulation of an enzyme's activity? A. A mimic of the substrate competes for the active site. B. A naturally occurring molecule stabilizes a catalytically active conformation. C. Regulatory molecules bind to a site remote from the active site. D. Inhibitors and activators may compete with one another. E. The enzyme usually has a quaternary structure. ATP consists of... A. B. C. D. E. 3 inorganic phosphates and a glucose 2 inorganic phosphates and a adenine 3 inorganic phosphates, a ribose, and an adenine 1 organic phosphate and a thymine None of the above What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? A. B. C. D. E. EA products active sites reactors substrate Chapter 9 Catabolic Pathways Cellular respiration – how we obtain energy from the food that we eat. A cell must make up the ATP it uses. Two ways of replenishing ATP: ◦ Fermentation= the degradation of sugars with out oxygen ◦ Aerobic Respiration= Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic “fuel” Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP Oxidation-Reduction reactions Oxidation - The LOSS of electrons Reduction – The ADDING of electrons Na Cl- + Cl Electron moves to Chlorine. Na+ Sodium The lost an electron electron, donor is making knownitas have thea POSITIVE REDUCING charge AGENT + Since The Chlorine electron gained an acceptor electron, is the it got a OXIDIZIN NEGATIVE G AGENT charge! In Cellular Respiration glucose is oxidized to CO2 and O2 is reduced to H2O. This means that glucose gives up an electron to Oxygen, and when that happens, water and energy are formed The electrons from the organic compounds (glucose) are passed from NAD+, making it NADH (reducing. It GAINS an electron). NADH passes the electrons to an electron transport chain. The electron transport chain conducts the electrons to O2 while releasing energy. The energy makes ATP. Glycolysis – Occurs in the Cytosol. It breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Citric Acid Cycle – Occurs in the Mitochondrial matrix. Completes glucose breakdown by oxidizing the derivative of pyruvate to CO2 Oxidative Phosphorylation – Uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP. Energy investment stage: ◦ 2 ATP are used Energy pay off stage: ◦ 4 ADP + 4℗ make 4 ATP ◦ 2 NADH + 2H+ are made Net Gain ◦ 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O ◦ 2 ATP ◦ NADH + 2 H+ Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA by giving off a CO2 molecule and adding Coenzyme A. Keep in mind that there are 2 pyruvates. So, all of the gained molecules in the figure is multiplied by 2. Total net gain (from BOTH pyruvates’ citric cycle): ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 2 6 4 2 ATP NADH CO2 FADH The NADH’s and the FADH’s made in the Citric Acid Cycle provide the energy that works to pump H+ across the membrane then back through the ATP Synthase. The ATP Synthase basically takes the H+ ions, uses them as an energy source to squeeze ADP and ℗ together to make ATP. Glycosis – 2 ATP Citric Acid Cycle – 2 ATP Electron Transport + Chemiosmosis ~ 32 or 34 ATP All together about 36 to 38 ATP is produced from a single molecule of glucose! Both occur in the cytosol after glycolysis Alcohol Fermentation – The pyruvate is converted into ethanol. First, CO2 is released which is hen converted into 2 Acetaldehyde. Second, the acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. Lactic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to for lactate. No CO2 is released. Facultative anarobes – can use Since Humans and animals don’t eat only glucose, cellular respiration accepts the wide range of proteins, carbs, and fats to use for glycolysis. Catabolism pathways can take electrons from other organic molecules and use them for cellular respiration. Anabolic pathways use molecules directly from food or they can use them to make other materials through glycolysis or citric acid cycle. 1.What would be the reducing agent in this reaction? C + O C + O-2 A. Carbon B. Oxygen C. Carbon Dioxide D. None of these E. All of these 2. What two processes occur in the cytosol? A. B. C. D. E. Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain + Glycolysis Glycolysis and Fermentation Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis and Fermentation 3. What process creates the most ATP? A. B. C. D. E. Glycolysis Chemiosmosis Fermentation Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain 4. Which two carry electrons from process to process? A. ADP and ATP B. NADH and ADP C. NAD+ and FAD D. NADH and FADH2 E. H+ and ATP 5. Carbon Dioxide is released during…? A. B. C. D. E. Glycolysis Chemiosmosis Fermentation Electron Transport Chain Citric Acid Cycle 6. About how many (maximum) ATP are produced through cellular respiration? A. B. C. D. E. 3 ATP 34 ATP 43 ATP 38 ATP 44 ATP 7. What is glucose’s “life cycle” through cellular respiration? A. Glucose pyruvate Acetyl CoA B. Glucose Fructose Cornstarch C. Pyruvate Fructose Glucose D. Fatty Acid Glucose Pyruvate E. Glucose Acetyl CoA Pyruvate 8. What is the product of fermentation? A. B. C. D. E. Alcohol and Lactate NADH FAD Glucose Carbon 9. If there were no Oxygen available in a yeast cell, what would take place? Remember, yeast releases CO2 A. Citric Acid Cycle B. Lactic Acid Fermentation C. Alcohol Fermentation D. Both B and C E. None of these 10.In the Citric Acid Cycle everything produced… A. B. C. D. E. Is eaten. Is quadrupled because there are 4 pyruvates Can be completely disregarded in cellular respiration Is used up immediately Is doubled because there are 2 pyruvates 11. What is a facultative anaerobe? A. B. C. D. An organism that uses either fermentation OR respiration but NOT both A form of glucose The rod on ATP Synthase An organism that can use BOTH fermentation AND respiration 12. A. B. C. D. E. How many ATP molecules are produced in Glycolysis? (Net total) 3 ATP 2 ATP 5 ATP 10 ATP None 13.How many ATP molecules are gained in the Citric Acid Cycle? (Net gain) A. B. C. D. E. 2 ATP 4 ATP 6 ATP 8 ATP 10 ATP 14. Where does the ATP Synthase create ATP? A. B. C. D. E. Cytosol Cell wall Inner Mitochondrial Matrix Outer Mitochondrial Matrix Chloroplasts 15. Where does Glycolysis occur? A. B. C. D. E. Cytosol Cell wall Inner Mitochondrial Matrix Outer Mitochondrial Matrix Chloroplasts 16. ATP Synthase can be identified as a ______ because of the “ase” ending. A. B. C. D. E. Electron Enzyme Organelle Organic Molecule Inorganic Molecule 17. What molecule is the power source of ATP Synthase? A. B. C. D. E. CO2 NADH FADH2 H+ ATP Describe the process of Cell Respiration. Remember to include Glycolysis, Electron Transport chain, Citric Acid Cycle, and Chemiosmosis. Glycolysis takes a glucose molecule and splits it into 2 pyruvates. It produces a net total of 2 water, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H+. The citric acid cycle takes the pyruvate, producing CO2, more NADH, ATP, and FADH2. Electrons gained from the citric acid cycle are carried to the electron transport. Then they are pumped across an H+ gradient. The gradient helps power ATP synthase which makes the most ATP in cell respiration. Describe the process of respiration when no oxygen is present. Be sure to include the outcomes of both Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. In alcohol fermentation, after glycolysis, the pyruvates release carbon dioxide. Acetaldehyde is formed and reduced by NADH, resulting in Ethanol. In lactate fermentation, the pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to produce lactate. Chapter 10 Chloroplasts The green color from a plant is because of chlorophyll the green pigment located in the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are mainly found In the mesophyll cell— tissue interior of the leaf. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O Van Niel discovered that plants split H2O to give a source of electrons and incorporating them into sugar molecules. Photosynthesis is a redox reaction : H2O is oxidized while CO2 is reduced. There are two stages in Photosynthesis: Light reactions: the photo part of photosynthesis Calvin Cycle: the synthesis part. Light reactions split water releasing O2, produce ATP, and form NADPH. Calvin cycle makes sugar from CO2, uses ATP and NADPH for reduction Pigments absorb visible lights There are three types of pigments in chloroplasts: Chlorophyll a: participates directly in light reactions Chlorophyll b: accessory pigment Carotenoids: a group of accessory pigments The absorption of a photon increases an electron to an orbital of higher energy. The excited state is unstable and the electrons tend to fall back to a ground state, giving off heat or light. Photosystems are composed of a protein complex called a reaction center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes. They funnel photon energy to the reaction center complex A special pair of chlorophyll a absorbs energy and transfers the electron to a primary electron acceptor Occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis Pigment molecules get excited, energy is relayed to the P680 pair and energy and water’s electrons are accepted from the Primary acceptor. Electrons go through the electron transport chain creating ATP. The electrons hit the P700 pair. More photon energy is absorbed and given to the P700. Electrons are given to the primary acceptor, they pass through another electron transport chain, and the enzyme NADP+ reductase produces NADPH from NADP+ and H+ Only uses photosystem 1 and not photosystem 2. It produces ATP but not NADPH or O2 Both include redox reactions of electron transport chains that generate of an H+ gradient across a membrane. ATP synthase is also used in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. However, in mitochondria organic molecules supply the electrons and in chloroplast water supplies the electrons. Occurs in the Stoma. Uses the electrons from NADPH and the energy from ATP. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) exits when three CO2 are fixed and converted to glucose. Carbon fixation occurs when CO2 is combined with a five-carbon sugar, or Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) C3 plants - first organic product of carbon fixation is a three compound. Photorespiration: occurs in the light and consumes O2 while producing CO2 Preface the Calvin Cycle with and alternate form of carbon fixation that forms a four carbon compound as it’s first product. Unique leaf structure: ◦ bundle-sheath cells are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the vein ◦ Mesophyll cells are loosely arranged between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface Open their stoma at night. Incorporates CO2 into organic acids and they are stored in mesophyll cells In the day the stoma close and CO2 is released from the organic acids for the Calvin cycle. 1. What does the light reactions supply the Calvin Cycle with? A. FAD and H2O B. ATP and O2 C. ATP and NADPH D. CO2 and H2O E. CO2 and light energy 2.What is consumed by the light reactions? A. B. C. D. E. Light energy and H2O H2O and glucose Glucose and CO2 CO2 and light energy FAD and H2O 3. What does the Calvin Cycle produce? A. B. C. D. E. G3P H2O ATP CO2 NADPH 4. Which of the following phrases is NOT true? A. B. C. D. E. Carbon fixation occurs in the Calvin Cycle. ATP synthesis occurs in both mitochondria and chloroplasts C4 plants only use the Calvin Cycle. Oxygen is released in the Calvin Cycle. Light reactions need light energy. 5.Photorespiration is when… A. B. C. D. E. Organic acids are stored during the night O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. H2O is consumed and O2 is released ATP is made and sugar is stored None of these 6. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in C3 plants? A. B. C. D. E. Mesophyll cells Cytosol Both A and B Thylakoid membrane Bundle Sheath cells A. B. C. D. E. 7. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in C4 plants? Mesophyll cells Cytosol Both A and B Thylakoid membrane Bundle Sheath cells A. B. C. D. E. 8. These plants use this process to open their stomata at night and close them during the day, avoiding water loss. Calvin Cycle Transpiration CAM Plants Cyclic Electron Flow None of these 9. Which is a benefit of a C4 plant? A. B. C. D. E. More efficient gathering of photons More efficient electron transport chain More uptake of CO2 More efficient carbon fixation None of these 10. What is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis? A. B. C. D. E. CO2 Pyruvate Glucose Rubisco H2O 11. Photons lift the electrons to higher energy levels. Where do these electrons come from? A. B. C. D. E. RuBP H2O CO2 Both B and C None of these 12. Which of the following occur in Linear Electron Flow? A. B. C. D. E. Chemiosmosis Splitting of H2O for electrons Electron transport chain None of these All of these 13. Oxygen that is released in photosynthesis comes from what molecule? A. B. C. D. E. H2O CO2 Glucose ATP None of these 14. How many carbons are in one molecule of RuBP? A. B. C. D. Five Zero One Ten 15. How many carbons are needed to make one G3P? A. B. C. D. E. 1 2 3 4 5 16. By looking at this diagram, how many ATP and NADPH would be needed to fix 9 Carbons? A. 12 ATP and 30 NADPH B. 27 ATP and 18 NADPH C. 30 ATP and 12 NADPH D. 18 ATP and 27 NADPH E. None of these 17. Light is necessary for light dependent reactions because… A. B. C. D. E. It excites electrons in pigments It splits water It’s the source of all electrons It makes ATP None of these Describe what Cyclic Electron Flow is. Photoexcieted electrons are occasionally shunted back to chlorophyll via the Cytochrome complex . This supplements the supply of ATP only. Describe what happens in the Calvin cycle. Be sure to define carbon fixation. A carbon goes through the cycle attaches to ribulose bisphosphate because of rubisco, an enzyme. The resulting molecule receives a phosphate from ATP. NADPH comes along and reduces and G3P results from it. In the regeneration of carbon, carbon skeletons of 5 G3P are rearranged into three molecules of RuBP and RuBP can receive CO2 again. Enzyme Catalysis Observe conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas by enzyme catalysis. Measure the amount of oxygen generated and calculate the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Base line Calculation Final reading of 1.2 ml Burette Initial reading of 5.0 ml Burette Base line 3.8 ml Uncatalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposition Final reading of 3.2 ml Burette Initial reading of 10.0 ml Burette Amount of 6.8 ml KMnO4 KMnO4 Base line Final Reading Initial Reading Amount of KMnO4 consumed Amount of H2 O2 Time (seconds) 10 30 60 4.3 ml 4.3 ml 4.3 ml 1.8 ml 1.8 ml 2.0 ml 5.0 ml 5.0 ml 5.0 ml 3.2 ml 3.2 ml 3.0 ml 1.1 ml 1.1 ml 1.3 90 4.3 ml 2.0 ml 5.0 ml 3.0 ml 1.3 120 4.3 ml 2.4 ml 5.0 ml 2.6 ml 1.7 Time interv als (seco nds) Rates * 0-10 1030 3060 6090 .11 ml 0.00 ml 0.006 0.00 67 ml ml 90120 120180 0.013 0.01 3 ml ml Reaction most certainly did begin quickly and slow as the time moved on. Cell Respiration Measure oxygen consumption during germination Measure change in gas volume in respirometer containg either germination or nongermination pea seeds Measure the rate of respiration of these peas at two different tempeatures. Beads Alone Germinating Peas Time (min) Readi ng at ime X Readi Diff. ng at time X Initial -0 1.38 0-5 1.38 0 1.16 .19 .19 1.46 .01 .01 5-10 1.38 0 1.04 .31 .31 1.44 .03 .03 10-15 1.38 0 .93 .42 .42 1.43 .04 .04 15-20 1.38 0 .57 .78 .78 1.42 .05 .05 Diff. Dry Peas and Beads Correc Readi Diff. ted ng at diff. time X 1.35 Correc ted Diff. 1.47 Initial -0 1.40 1.32 1.40 0-5 1.39 .01 1.20 .12 .11 1.40 0 .01 5-10 1.38 .02 1.11 .21 .19 1.40 0 .02 10-15 1.38 .02 1.00 .32 .30 1.39 .01 .01 15-20 1.38 .02 .95 .37 .93 1.38 .02 0 It showed that the rates of cellular respiration are greater in germinating peas than in non-germinating peas. It also showed that temperature and respiration rates are directly proportional; as temperature increases, respiration rates increase as well. Because of this fact, the peas contained by the respirometers placed in the water at 10C carried on cellular respiration at a lower rate than the peas in respirometers placed in the room temperature water. The nongerminating peas consumed far less oxygen than the germinating peas.