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AS Biology Unit 2 Module 1: Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health OCR Biological Molecules Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids are three of the key groups of macromolecules essential for life. Understanding the structure of these macromolecules allows an understanding of their functions in living organisms. Key Words Metabolism. Risk factor. Carbohydrate. Protein. Lipid. Vitamin. Nucleic acid. Coenzyme. Enzyme. Antibody. Hormone. Solvent. Phospholipid. Polysaccharide. Monomer. Polymer. Condensation. Hydrolysis. Hydrocarbon chain. Monosaccharide. Amino acid. Nucleotide. Polypeptide. DNA. RNA. Covalent bond. Hydrogen bond. Catalyst. Glucose. Glycosidic bond. Disaccharide. Starch. Cellulose. Respiration. Nucleic acid. Glycolipid. Glycogen. Maltose. Amylose. ATP. Respiration. Water potential. Turgid. Guard cell. Stoma. Deoxyribose. Peptide bond. Dipeptide. Diffusion. Active transport. Facilitated diffusion. Monomer. Hydrophobic. Hydrophilic. Photosynthesis. Deamination. Urea. Primary structure. Ribosome. Messenger RNA. Protease. Secondary structure. Tertiary structure. Ionic bond. Denaturation. Receptor site. Collagen. Complementary. Substrate. Active site. Globular protein. Kinetic energy. Fibrous protein. Plasma protein. Cartilage. Keratin. Haem. Quaternary structure. Haemoglobin. Tissue. Oxyhaemoglobin. Prosthetic group. Fat. Oil. Triglyceride. Fatty acid. Cholesterol. Adipose. Glycerol. Amino acid. Hydrocarbon chain. Ester bond. Testosterone. Oestrogen. Vitamin. Nuclear envelope. Cell signalling. Atherosclerosis. Cohesion. Surface tension. Solute. Solution. Xylem. Transpiration. Photosynthesis. Qualitative. Reducing sugar. Reduction. Precipitate. Benedict’s test. Biuret test. Ethanol emulsion test. Emulsion. Quantitative. Calibration. Transmission. Assay. You should be able to: Describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an amino acid. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the formation and breakage of peptide bonds in the synthesis and hydrolysis of dipeptides and polypeptides. Explain, with the aid of diagrams, the term primary structure. Explain, with the aid of diagrams, the term secondary structure with reference to hydrogen bonding. Explain, with the aid of diagrams, the term tertiary structure, with reference to hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, disulfide bonds, and ionic interactions. Explain, with the aid of diagrams, the term quaternary structure, with reference to the structure of haemoglobin. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of a collagen molecule. Compare the structure and function of haemoglobin (as an example of a globular protein) and collagen (as an example of a fibrous protein). Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the molecular structure of alpha-glucose as an example of a monosaccharide carbohydrate. State the structural difference between alpha- and beta-glucose. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the formation and breakage of glycosidic bonds in the synthesis and hydrolysis of a disaccharide (maltose) and a polysaccharide (amylose). Compare and contrast the structure and functions of starch (amylose) and cellulose. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of glycogen. Explain how the structures of glucose, starch (amylase), glycogen and cellulose molecules relate to their functions in living organisms. Compare, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid. Explain how the structures of triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesterol molecules relate to their functions in living organisms. Describe how to carry out chemical tests to identify the presence of the following molecules: protein (biuret test), reducing and non-reducing sugars (Benedict’s test), starch (iodine solution) and lipids (emulsion test). Describe how the concentration of glucose in a solution may be determined using colorimetry. Recommended reading Bonding Structure & Properties of Water Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Core Text Book Pg90-91 Pg110-111 Pg92-97 Pg106-109 Pg98-105 Toole & Toole, 4th Ed. Pg5-7 Appendix 1 Pg681-682 Pg12-20 Pg20-22 Pg24-32 NAS Molecules&Cells Appendix Pg77-79 Pg1-3, Appendix, Pg80-81 Pg3-10 Pg11-14 Pg14-17