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Humanities • • • • • • • Today – Renaissance Notes Wednesday (ER) & Thursday – Anonymous Friday – Anonymous Reflection Monday – Review Samples Tuesday – Renaissance test prep (notecards) Wednesday – Renaissance test Thursday – Make-up tests and binder checks The Renaissance The Rise of Humanism • • • • Rediscover culture of Ancient Greece & Rome. Belief that Man is the potential master of all things. Change of focus from the afterlife to the current life. Savonarola – “Bon-fire of the vanities” The Quest for Virtu • • • Virtu ≠ Virtue One who embraces skill in many fields, exceptional intelligence, physical daring and courage, and whose actions display these characteristics “Renaissance Man” Technology • 1440s – Moveable Type Printing – • Gunpowder imported from China – • End of Feudal Age. Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal) – • Decreased illiteracy – people read more than the Bible Improved Compass & Astrolabe All discoveries influence the arts – people experience exotic cultures and more freedom Martin Luther &The Reformation • • • Catholic Priests sold indulgences to absolve people of sins. Luther believed that faith alone led to salvation. 95 theses on the door of Castle Church (Schlosskirche). The Great Artists of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci & Michelangelo Da Vinci (1452-1519) • • • 1 of 15 children – grew up in a 3 room farmhouse Illegitimate and uneducated Taught himself to speak Latin and to be ambidextrous and to write backwards Florence • • • Moved to the city at 14 Apprenticed under Andrea Barochio Works show love of nature (grew up in the country) Painting • • • Preferred new idea of oil paint Sfumato – light haze/foggy look Chiaroscuro – play of light and dark/shadow to create contrast and emphasis Inventiveness • • • Painting, sculpture, architecture, engineering, military science, botany, geology, anatomy, aerodynamics, and optics Science and Math – weapons inventor, parachute, helicopter, Waterwheel – loved Geometry (triangles) Planned to write a book on Anatomy but was never able (dissected at least 30 people) Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) • • • Lived most life in Florence Summoned to Medici house at 14 Studied statuary in their gardens Sculpture • • • • First great work in Rome – Pieta The “giant” – David Like Ancient Greeks and Romans, idealized beauty and perfect human form Contraposto – twisted shoulders while the hips remain frontal Painting • • • Influenced by his sculpture Humans feel 3-D Looks more like a carving Architecture • • Dome of Saint Peter’s Basilica of Rome Inspiration for the dome of our Capitol Building Renaissance Music Music Before the Renaissance • • • Strictly regulated by the church Instruments were very rare Most songs were Gregorian Chant Polyphony • Musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices. Two Thoughts on Polyphony • Pope in Rome – – – – Obstructs words Frivolous Associated with pagan rites Clashing notes labeled as evil • Pope in Avignon – – Musical Innovation Pleasing Sound Counterpoint • Using notes from multiple people’s voices to create a bigger sound Palestrina • • One of the most famous composers of the 16th century. Perfect example of Renaissance Counterpoint Secular Music • Music performed outside of the church Renaissance Theatre Commedia Dell’arte • • • • Italian Renaissance Touring groups – usually comedy driven Basic plot outlines/improvised dialogue/used costumes & masks that made their character recognizable Stock characters – stereotypical characters instantly recognizable to era audiences Elizabethan Theatre • • • • • Late English Renaissance Love of language & poetry Actors became professionals Permanent theatre buildings (Globe) William Shakespeare most notable playwright William Shakespeare – The basics • • Thought to be best writer in the English language Surviving works: 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems, and several other poems Shakespeare’s style • • • • Blank Verse – Poetry with meter but no rhyme Iambic Pentameter – 10 syllables to a line, every other syllable stressed. Double Entendre – A word or phrase with two meanings Soliloquy – A speech made by a character to himself or to the audience. The Globe theatre • • • First theatre built by actors, for actors (professional) Where majority of Shakespeare’s works were originally performed Exact size unknown – burned down – replaced and replacement destroyed for housing The authorship debate • • There are many who believe that William Shakespeare did not actually write any plays. Reasons – No history of being a writer – nothing but 6 signatures have been found written in his own handwriting – Will – very detailed – mentions no books, plays, poems, or literary effects of any kind – Commoner/education – grew up in an illiterate household in the remote agricultural town of Stratford-upon-Avon – no record of an education – Vocabulary 29,000 words – Works show extensive knowledge of law, philosophy, classical literature, ancient and modern history, mathematics, astronomy, art, music, medicine, horticulture, heraldry, military and naval terminology and tactics; etiquette and manners of the nobility; knowledge of foreign areas he’d never traveled to – Gap between his youth in Stratford and the first record of him in London is known as the “lost years.” Except for a few church records, the first twenty-eight years of his life could be described as lost – William Shakspere – most writings are accredited to William Shakes-Speare Renaissance Dance Dance in the Court • • Invented by rulers, kings, and aristocrats for their entertainment Displayed social etiquette –gender roles Common Dance • • Less formal than court dance. Peasantry Thoinot Arbeau • • Wrote Orchésographie – manual with detailed instructions for numerous styles of dance First use of dance tabulations 5 sentence summary