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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules
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6.1 How Theories relate
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-----------------------------------------------------------------offspring – parent resemblance
Georg Mendel
~1860
Molecular Genetics
20th century +
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate
Mendel's Pea Breeding Experiments:
- genes
- alleles
- two gametes carry just
one of the alternate
character states of these
traits
- dominant / recessive
traits
- law of independent
assortment
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate
Later Discoveries:
- chromosomes
- meiosis
- location of genes
- nucleic acids
- double-helix model
...
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate
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How do these Theories Relate?
Displacement
---------------------------One program shows
another is simply
mistaken.
Incorporation
---------------------------One program absorbs the
other. The second is just
a special case of the first
one.
Reduction?
Integration
---------------------------The second theory
explains the first theory
further.
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate
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Reduction:
- increasing unification of nature's laws
- „reductive“ method: decomposition
- no spooky mechanisms, objects, processes...
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules
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6.2 What is Mendelian Genetics?
-----------------------------------------------------------------The development / elaboration of Mendels Laws: (beginning 20th Century):
Meiosis
dominant to some effects,
recessive to others
genes interact with
environment
one to one
pleiotrophy
many to many
poly genetic traits
No reduction of theories
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules
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6.3 Molecular Genetics transcription & translation
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-----------------------------------------------------------------One DNA sequence > different proteins (one > many)
RNA parts are:
-discarded
-glued together
-reading overlaps
-bases are edited
-stop codons are added
Degenerate Code
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules
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6.4 Gene Regulation
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-----------------------------------------------------------------tissue differentiation:
- mosaic theory
- complete genome in most cells
(gene regulation / cell line heredity)
- extragenomatic factors
- heredity
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules
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6.5 Are Genes Protein Makers?
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one to one:
one gene > one trait /
protein
- regulatory / promoter sequences
many to many:
one gene > many traits
many genes > one trait
- process between DNA and Protein open to many
changes
(exons, introns, reading frames, promoters,
repressors, mRNA, tRNA...)
- Molecular Genes
- gain of function / loss of function
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules Are Genes Protein Makers?
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Mendelian Genetics vs. Molecular Genetics
Author says:
Mendelian Genes = Mendelian Genes
Too many corrections
integration?
reduction?
> displacement
human intelligence?
> reduction not successful
phenomenological method
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