Download Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet

Exam 2 Q3 Review Sheet
AP Biology
Exam 2 Q3 will cover:
Chapter 14: ALL
Chapter 15: ALL
I gave you a ton of problems to practice on the calendar. You
do not need to do every problem. What you should be able to
do is every type of problem:
pedigrees, monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, tri hybrid crosses, etc…,
probability of getting a particular gamete, probability of getting a particular
offspring, possible gametes of any individual, independent (unlinked) assortment,
dependent (linked) assortment, genetic mapping, sex linkage, mitochondrial
inheritance, incomplete dominance, complete dominance, epistasis.
Phenotypic Ratios you should have memorized:
A. Monohybrid cross (Aa x Aa) - 3:1
B. Dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb) with independent assortment autosomal and no
epistasis – 9:3:3:1
C.Dihybrid testcross (AaBb x aabb) for independent assorment autosomal without
epistasis (1:1:1:1)
1. Explain why cancer is genetic, but not inherited. A predisposition to cancer can be
inherited. How is this possible on the gene level?
2. Describe what is meant by nature vs. nurture.
3. Explain the MAOA experiment. What is the importance of the results of this
experiment?
4. Identical twins are genetically identical. However, there are notable differences
between the two siblings. How is this possible?
5. Certain diseases like Tay-Sachs and cystic fibrosis are purely genetic. What does this
mean? Give an example of a trait that is completely environmental.
6. Identify the two contributing factors that make you who you are.
7. Compare and contrast pangenesis, the blending hypothesis and Mendelian genetics.
8. Who was Gregor Mendel? Describe his job, background, etc…
9. Explain the three keys to the success of Gregor Mendel. Know how he did his
experiments.
10. What made the pea plant a great model organism for study?
11. How did Mendel control the mating in his experiments?
12. What was so special about the traits he chose to observe?
13. In class we looked at an image of two engines, one made of a few blocks of wood and
some wire, and another from a modern day sports car. Which would you study to try and
figure out how an engine works? Explain why.
14. What did Mendel know about genes, chromosomes, DNA and evolution?
15. Explain why Mendel began by self-fertilizing purple flower plants until he got strains
that only produced purple flowers, and the same for white flower plants? What are these
breeds called?
16. What is meant by a monohybrid cross?
17. Be able to describe Mendel’s monohybrid cross between true-breed purple and truebreed white flowering plants in detail. Why do you think he chose to self-fertilize the F1
generation hybrids? What was he looking for?
18. Describe Mendel’s four hypotheses based on this simple monohybrid experiment.
Make sure you know what the principle of segregation states in detail on the
chromosomal level!
19. IMPORTANT: How do his four hypotheses relate to what you know today about
genes and chromosomes? You should be able to quickly sketch any meiotic combination.
For example, show the possible gametes for an organism with genotype AaBbCc if “A”
and “B” are linked. The answer would be ABC, ABc, abC, abc. You should be able to
sketch how this happens. You should be able to identify in this sketch the principle of
segregation, the principle of independent assortment, dependent assortment, and
independent orientation. This ignores crossing over and mutation of course.
20. Compare genotype to phenotype. Show should be able to do simple Punnett squares
that show potential fertilization events.
21. What is meant by heterozygous, homozygous dominant, and homozygous recessive?
22. Mendel’s monohybrid cross experiment resulted in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 and a
genotypic ratio of 1:2:1. Why are these two ratios different? How are they related to each
other?
23. Mendel determined that pairs of alleles separate independent of each other. What is
this principle called? Describe the experiment that led him to this conclusion. What was
the phenotypic ratio?
24. Based on what we know today, why does Mendel’s principle of independent
assortment not hold for all pairs of alleles?
25. Compare the P generation, F1 generation and F2 generation.
26. Why is it important for populations of organisms to be diverse?
27. How do asexually reproducing organisms maintain diversity? Why does this work for
them but not for sexually reproducing organisms?
28. Make sure you know all the bold words and figures in both chapters.
29. Draw a pair of homologous chromosome with three different genes on them. Show
how this pair would go through meiosis.
30. Explain what is meant by a dihybrid cross. What did Mendel learn from his classic
dihybrid cross? Explain why he saw this… Be able to do this entire cross as well as any
other cross I ask using Punnett squares.
30b. Explain when you would expect the classic 9:3:3:1 ratio.
31. Explain how a testcross is done and why one would do this?
32. Explain how the rule of multiplication and addition apply to Mendel’s principles. Be
able to determine the probability of any cross regardless of the number of allele pairs
being looked at. For example: AaBBCcddEeFF x AABbccDdEEFf what is the
probability of getting AABBCcDdEeFF? answer: ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/64
You should understand how to get this using a Punnett square as well.
33. Pedigrees, know how to analyze them and determine unknowns. Use the powerpoint
examples for practice. You can also find other practice problems online.
http://www.slideshare.net/Savreetsingh/pedigree-basics
34. Compare recessive to dominant inherited disease. Why are dominant diseases less
prevalent compared to recessive disease? Explain how dominant lethal diseases are able
to persist if by getting only one gene you die.
49. Know how to do every problem on the genetic problem sheet online. The answers are
posted as well.
2. Explain how inherited diseases can be detected early (we discussed four major
methods in class – know these techniques and their risks).
3. Compare incomplete dominance, codominance and complete dominance. Give
example of each.
4. Know ABO blood types, antibodies produced by people with each, who can receive
which and why, universal donor, universal acceptor, etc… You should also know what
makes antibodies, the structure of antibodies, how antibodies can lead to agglutination of
red blood cells, the number of binding sites on antibodies, etc…
5. Sickle cell anemia. Know what causes it. Explain heterozygote advantage. Discuss the
connection to Malaria. Explain how it is an example of incomplete dominance as well as
pleiotropy.
6. Compare pleiotropy to polygenic inheritance. How are these different to what Mendel
observed?
7. Describe epistasis and give an example.
8. Describe the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
9. Discuss how the relative distance between linked genes can be determined using
recombinant offspring and crossing over and the recombinant frequencies. Make sure you
can do the problems in the powerpoint.
10. There will be a question where you determine recombinant frequencies and you need
to arrange the genes on a chromosome based on hypothetical data.
11. Compare how sex determination can be different in non-human organisms to humans.
Bees and ants, as discussed in class, follow the haplodiploid sex determination system.
How does a male, which is haploid, make gametes?
12. Describe what monoecious means (look it up in the book). Give an example.
Compare this to dioecious. You must know these terms.
13. Describe what is means to be hermaphroditic. Give an example of such organisms.
14. Describe how sex-linked gene inheritance is different from autosomal gene
inheritance.
15. Make sure you know that colorblindness and hemophilia are sex linked.
16. Know how to do every problem on the genetic problem sheet online. The answers are
posted as well.
17. Explain why the sickle cell allele frequency is higher than one might predict for an
allele that causes a disease when homozygous.
18. Explain how natural selection works.
19. Explain how the experiments of Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that genes were on
chromosomes and not always independent of each as predicted by Mendel.
20. Make sure you can follow the inheritance of genes that are linked as well as unlinked
like the ferret/rabbit problem in the powerpoint.
21. Know the timeline starting with Mendel in 1866 to Morgan in 1910.
22. Explain how genetic disorders can be spotted as early as possible in a human.
23. Explain how new alleles can be generated in a population. Describe how
Huntington’s disease likely came into existence and why it is still around.
24. What is meant by “norm of reaction”?
25. Explain why it is that the further two genes are apart on a chromosome, the more
recombinant offspring one observes in test crosses following the traits coded for by these
genes.
26. Explain how Hunt was able to map genes onto chromosomes. Be able to take data
from crosses and map genes relative to each other.
27. Make sure you can do all the practice problems found in the class notes section and
on the powerpoints.